<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46506</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2020ES000693</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Study of the effects of Ekman dynamics in the bottom boundary layer on the Black Sea continental slope</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Study of the effects of Ekman dynamics in the bottom boundary layer on the Black Sea continental slope</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Zatsepin</surname>
       <given-names>A G</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Zatsepin</surname>
       <given-names>A G</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>zatsepin@ocean.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Kremenetskiy</surname>
       <given-names>V V</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kremenetskiy</surname>
       <given-names>V V</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Podymov</surname>
       <given-names>O I</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Podymov</surname>
       <given-names>O I</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ostrovskii</surname>
       <given-names>A G</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Ostrovskii</surname>
       <given-names>A G</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>20</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>1</fpage>
   <lpage>16</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-10-29T12:47:35+03:00">
     <day>29</day>
     <month>10</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/46506/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/46506/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>A possible ventilation mechanism of the aerobic zone in the Black Sea may exist, caused by a descent of oxygen-containing water down the bottom slope in the Ekman boundary layer. To study this theory three long-term (1.5-2 months) installations of automatic bottom stations were carried out in 2018-2019 on the Black Sea shelf/continental slope in the depth range from 80 to 243 m. The stations were placed on a coastal cross section on the beam of the Tolstyi Cape (the Gelendzhik Bay). They recorded the hydrophysical (temperature and salinity of water, pressure and flow rate) and hydrochemical (dissolved oxygen concentration) parameters at 0.5-2.5 m from the bottom. The acquired data were used to estimate the spatiotemporal scales of water transfer in the bottom layer along the slope. Our analysis had confirmed the existence of the bottom water transport normal to the shore. A downward flow was observed in the case of an intensive north-western alongshore current. This type of water movement corresponds to both the geostrophic adjustment and the dynamics of the bottom Ekman boundary layer. However, changes in water density in the bottom layer, which occur due to the water movement up and down the slope, were of the same range as those observed in the water column at the same depth. This fact casts doubt on the efficiency of the Ekman transport in the bottom layer as the ventilation mechanism for water of the upper continental slope of the Black Sea.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>A possible ventilation mechanism of the aerobic zone in the Black Sea may exist, caused by a descent of oxygen-containing water down the bottom slope in the Ekman boundary layer. To study this theory three long-term (1.5-2 months) installations of automatic bottom stations were carried out in 2018-2019 on the Black Sea shelf/continental slope in the depth range from 80 to 243 m. The stations were placed on a coastal cross section on the beam of the Tolstyi Cape (the Gelendzhik Bay). They recorded the hydrophysical (temperature and salinity of water, pressure and flow rate) and hydrochemical (dissolved oxygen concentration) parameters at 0.5-2.5 m from the bottom. The acquired data were used to estimate the spatiotemporal scales of water transfer in the bottom layer along the slope. Our analysis had confirmed the existence of the bottom water transport normal to the shore. A downward flow was observed in the case of an intensive north-western alongshore current. This type of water movement corresponds to both the geostrophic adjustment and the dynamics of the bottom Ekman boundary layer. However, changes in water density in the bottom layer, which occur due to the water movement up and down the slope, were of the same range as those observed in the water column at the same depth. This fact casts doubt on the efficiency of the Ekman transport in the bottom layer as the ventilation mechanism for water of the upper continental slope of the Black Sea.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Black Sea</kwd>
    <kwd>shelf-slope zone</kwd>
    <kwd>northwestern current</kwd>
    <kwd>bottom boundary layer</kwd>
    <kwd>downward Ekmantransport</kwd>
    <kwd>water oxygen ventilation</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Black Sea</kwd>
    <kwd>shelf-slope zone</kwd>
    <kwd>northwestern current</kwd>
    <kwd>bottom boundary layer</kwd>
    <kwd>downward Ekmantransport</kwd>
    <kwd>water oxygen ventilation</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was fulfilled within the framework of the Russian state program No. 0149-2019-0004, supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 17-05-00381).</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Dickey, T. D., J. C. Van Leer (1984) , Observations and simulation of a bottom Ekman Layer on a continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 89, no. C2, p. 1983-1988, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC089iC02p01983
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Dickey, T. D., J. C. Van Leer (1984) , Observations and simulation of a bottom Ekman Layer on a continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 89, no. C2, p. 1983-1988, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC089iC02p01983
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Elkin, D. N., A. G. Zatsepin, A. G. Ostrovskii, et al. (2017) , Sinking of less dense water in the bottom Ekman layer formed by a coastal downwelling current over a sloping bottom, Oceanology, 57, no. 4, p. 531-537, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437017040051
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Elkin, D. N., A. G. Zatsepin, A. G. Ostrovskii, et al. (2017) , Sinking of less dense water in the bottom Ekman layer formed by a coastal downwelling current over a sloping bottom, Oceanology, 57, no. 4, p. 531-537, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437017040051
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Garrett, C., P. MacCready, P. B. Rhines (1993) , Boundary mixing and arrested Ekman layers: rotating stratified flows near a sloping boundary, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 25, p. 291-323, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.001451
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Garrett, C., P. MacCready, P. B. Rhines (1993) , Boundary mixing and arrested Ekman layers: rotating stratified flows near a sloping boundary, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 25, p. 291-323, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.001451
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Kushnir, V. M. (2007) , Bottom boundary layer in the Black Sea: experimental data, turbulent diffusion, and fluxes, Oceanology, 47, no. 1, p. 33-41, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437007010067
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Kushnir, V. M. (2007) , Bottom boundary layer in the Black Sea: experimental data, turbulent diffusion, and fluxes, Oceanology, 47, no. 1, p. 33-41, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437007010067
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              MacCready, P., P. B. Rhines (1993) , Slippery boundary bottom layers on a slope, Phys. Oceanography, 23, no. 1, p. 5-22, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023%3C0005:SBBLOA%3E2.0.CO;2
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              MacCready, P., P. B. Rhines (1993) , Slippery boundary bottom layers on a slope, Phys. Oceanography, 23, no. 1, p. 5-22, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023%3C0005:SBBLOA%3E2.0.CO;2
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Ostrovskii, A. G., A. G. Zatsepin (2016) , Intense ventilation of the Black Sea pycnocline due to vertical turbulent exchange in the Rim Current area, Deep-Sea Res. I, 116, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.011
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Ostrovskii, A. G., A. G. Zatsepin (2016) , Intense ventilation of the Black Sea pycnocline due to vertical turbulent exchange in the Rim Current area, Deep-Sea Res. I, 116, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.011
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Perlin, A., J. N. Moum, J. M. Klymak, et al. (2005) , A modified law-of-the-wall applied to oceanic bottom boundary layers, J. Geophys. Res., 110, p. C10S10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002310
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Perlin, A., J. N. Moum, J. M. Klymak, et al. (2005) , A modified law-of-the-wall applied to oceanic bottom boundary layers, J. Geophys. Res., 110, p. C10S10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002310
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Perlin, A., J. N. Moum, J. M. Klymak, et al. (2007) , Organization of stratification, turbulence, and veering in bottom Ekman layers, J. Geophys. Res., 112, p. C05S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002641
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Perlin, A., J. N. Moum, J. M. Klymak, et al. (2007) , Organization of stratification, turbulence, and veering in bottom Ekman layers, J. Geophys. Res., 112, p. C05S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002641
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Plaksina, M. O., A. M. Pigolkina, D. N. Elkin, et al. (2015) , Gravity current at a sloping bottom in a lineary stratified fluid, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference &quot;Fluxes and Structures in Fluids&quot; A. Ishlinsky institute for problems in mechanics of the RAS, p. 172-175, Kaliningrad State Technical University, Kaliningrad
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Plaksina, M. O., A. M. Pigolkina, D. N. Elkin, et al. (2015) , Gravity current at a sloping bottom in a lineary stratified fluid, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference &quot;Fluxes and Structures in Fluids&quot; A. Ishlinsky institute for problems in mechanics of the RAS, p. 172-175, Kaliningrad State Technical University, Kaliningrad
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Pollard, R. T., P. B. Rhines, R. O. R. Y. Thompson (1973) , The deepening of the wind mixed layer, Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 3, p. 381-404, https://doi.org/10.1080/03091927208236105
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Pollard, R. T., P. B. Rhines, R. O. R. Y. Thompson (1973) , The deepening of the wind mixed layer, Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 3, p. 381-404, https://doi.org/10.1080/03091927208236105
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Schaeffer, A., M. Roughan, B. D. Morris (2013) , Cross-shelf dynamics in a Western Boundary Current regime: implications for upwelling, J. Phys. Oceanography, 43, no. 5, p. 1042-1059, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0091.1
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Schaeffer, A., M. Roughan, B. D. Morris (2013) , Cross-shelf dynamics in a Western Boundary Current regime: implications for upwelling, J. Phys. Oceanography, 43, no. 5, p. 1042-1059, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0091.1
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Stunzhas, P. A., M. B. Gulin, E. A. Ivanova, et al. (2018) , Study of oxygen regime in the near-bottom water layer and reaction of zoobenthos to hypoxia/anoxia at the contact zone of the Black Sea chemocline with continental slope, Some Results of Integrated Coastal Expedition &quot;The Black Sea&quot; Carried out on RV &quot;Ashamba&quot;, p. 141-145, Nauchnyi Mir, Moscow (In Russian)
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Stunzhas, P. A., M. B. Gulin, E. A. Ivanova, et al. (2018) , Study of oxygen regime in the near-bottom water layer and reaction of zoobenthos to hypoxia/anoxia at the contact zone of the Black Sea chemocline with continental slope, Some Results of Integrated Coastal Expedition &quot;The Black Sea&quot; Carried out on RV &quot;Ashamba&quot;, p. 141-145, Nauchnyi Mir, Moscow (In Russian)
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Stunzhas, P. A., M. B. Gulin, A. G. Zatsepin, et al. (2019) , On the possible presence of oxygen in the upper sediment layer of the hydrogen sulfide zone in the Black Sea, Oceanology, 59, no. 1, p. 155-157, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437019010211
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Stunzhas, P. A., M. B. Gulin, A. G. Zatsepin, et al. (2019) , On the possible presence of oxygen in the upper sediment layer of the hydrogen sulfide zone in the Black Sea, Oceanology, 59, no. 1, p. 155-157, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437019010211
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Taylor, J. R., S. Sarkar (2008) , Stratification Effects in a Bottom Ekman Layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, p. 2535-2555, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3942.1
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Taylor, J. R., S. Sarkar (2008) , Stratification Effects in a Bottom Ekman Layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, p. 2535-2555, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3942.1
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Weatherly, G. L. (1972) , A study of the bottom boundary layer of the Florida current, J. of Phys. Oceanogr., 2, no. 1, p. 54-72, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485-2.1.54
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Weatherly, G. L. (1972) , A study of the bottom boundary layer of the Florida current, J. of Phys. Oceanogr., 2, no. 1, p. 54-72, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485-2.1.54
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Weatherly, G. L., P. J. Martin (1978) , On the structure and dynamics of the oceanic boundary layer, J. of Physical Oceanography, 8, no. 4, p. 557-570, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1978)008%3C0557:OTSADO%3E2.0.CO;2
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Weatherly, G. L., P. J. Martin (1978) , On the structure and dynamics of the oceanic boundary layer, J. of Physical Oceanography, 8, no. 4, p. 557-570, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1978)008%3C0557:OTSADO%3E2.0.CO;2
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Zatsepin, A. G., N. N. Golenko, A. O. Korzh, et al. (2007) , Influence of the dynamics of currents on the hydrophysical structure of the waters and the vertical exchange in the active layer of the Black Sea, Oceanology, 47, no. 3, p. 301-312, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437007030022
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Zatsepin, A. G., N. N. Golenko, A. O. Korzh, et al. (2007) , Influence of the dynamics of currents on the hydrophysical structure of the waters and the vertical exchange in the active layer of the Black Sea, Oceanology, 47, no. 3, p. 301-312, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437007030022
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Zatsepin, A. G., A. G. Ostrovskii, V. V. Kremenetskiy, et al. (2013) , On the nature of short-period oscillations of the main black sea pycnocline, submesoscale eddies, and response of the marine environment to the catastrophic shower of 2012, Izvestiya. Atmospheric and oceanic physics, 49, no. 6, p. 659-673, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433813060145
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Zatsepin, A. G., A. G. Ostrovskii, V. V. Kremenetskiy, et al. (2013) , On the nature of short-period oscillations of the main black sea pycnocline, submesoscale eddies, and response of the marine environment to the catastrophic shower of 2012, Izvestiya. Atmospheric and oceanic physics, 49, no. 6, p. 659-673, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433813060145
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">
            
              Zhurbas, V. M., I. S. Oh, T. Park (2006) , Role of the beta-effect in the decay of the alongshore baroclinic jet associated with transient coastal upwelling and downwelling: numerical experiments, Oceanology, 46, no. 2, p. 170-177, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437006020032
            
          </mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">
            
              Zhurbas, V. M., I. S. Oh, T. Park (2006) , Role of the beta-effect in the decay of the alongshore baroclinic jet associated with transient coastal upwelling and downwelling: numerical experiments, Oceanology, 46, no. 2, p. 170-177, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437006020032
            
          </mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
