Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 1681-1208 46654 ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ORIGINAL ARTICLES ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ The effects of galactic cosmic rays, modulated by solar terrestrial magnetic fields, on the climate The effects of galactic cosmic rays, modulated by solar terrestrial magnetic fields, on the climate Dergachev V A Dergachev V A Dmitriev P B Dmitriev P B Raspopov O M Raspopov O M Van Geel B Van Geel B Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia ru Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia ru Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia ru Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia ru Sankt-Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Science, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia ru Sankt-Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Science, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia ru Amsterdam University, Holland ru Amsterdam University, Holland ru 6 5 323 338 29 10 2021 https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/46654/view

The results of analyzing the paleodata on solar activity variations (variations of cosmogenic 14 C and 10 Be isotopes in the terrestrial records, such as glaciers, tree rings, sea-floor marine and lacustrine sediments, loess, etc.), the paleomagnetic and archeomagnetic data, as well as the paleoclimatic data, prove that the flows of galactic cosmic rays, modulated by heliomagnetic and geomagnetic fields, affect the climate of the Earth. In this study we analyzed different periods of time, namely, the last millennium, the Holocene epoch (up to 10-12 thousand years ago), and the time interval of 10-50 thousand years ago. Our analysis suggested that the variations of the cosmic ray fluxes seemed to be the most effective factor responsible for long-term climate variations.

The results of analyzing the paleodata on solar activity variations (variations of cosmogenic 14 C and 10 Be isotopes in the terrestrial records, such as glaciers, tree rings, sea-floor marine and lacustrine sediments, loess, etc.), the paleomagnetic and archeomagnetic data, as well as the paleoclimatic data, prove that the flows of galactic cosmic rays, modulated by heliomagnetic and geomagnetic fields, affect the climate of the Earth. In this study we analyzed different periods of time, namely, the last millennium, the Holocene epoch (up to 10-12 thousand years ago), and the time interval of 10-50 thousand years ago. Our analysis suggested that the variations of the cosmic ray fluxes seemed to be the most effective factor responsible for long-term climate variations.

 cosmic rays solar and geomagnetic variations climate changes cosmogenic and stable nuclides. cosmic rays solar and geomagnetic variations climate changes cosmogenic and stable nuclides.

Alavi, Appl. Statist., v. 14, 1965., doi: 10.2307/2985355 Alavi, Appl. Statist., v. 14, 1965., doi: 10.2307/2985355 Bard, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 50, 1997., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00082-4 Bard, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 50, 1997., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00082-4 Beer, The Sun as a Variable Star: Solar and Stellar Irradiance Variations, edited by J. M. Pap, C. Fruhlich, H. S. Hudson, and S. K. Solanki, 1994. Beer, The Sun as a Variable Star: Solar and Stellar Irradiance Variations, edited by J. M. Pap, C. Fruhlich, H. S. Hudson, and S. K. Solanki, 1994. Bradley, Intern. Geophys. Ser., v. 64, 1999. Bradley, Intern. Geophys. Ser., v. 64, 1999. Castagnoli, Radiocarbon, v. 22, 1980. Castagnoli, Radiocarbon, v. 22, 1980. Charvátová, Ann. Geophys., v. 18, 2000., doi: 10.1007/s00585-000-0399-x Charvátová, Ann. Geophys., v. 18, 2000., doi: 10.1007/s00585-000-0399-x Cox, Science, v. 63, 1969., doi: 10.1126/science.163.3864.237 Cox, Science, v. 63, 1969., doi: 10.1126/science.163.3864.237 Damon, Rare Nuclear Processes, edited by P. P. Povinec, Proc. 14th Europhys. Conf. on Nuclear Phys., 1992. Damon, Rare Nuclear Processes, edited by P. P. Povinec, Proc. 14th Europhys. Conf. on Nuclear Phys., 1992. Damon, The Sun in Time, edited by C. P. Sonett, M. S. Giampapa, and M. S. Mathews, 1992. Damon, The Sun in Time, edited by C. P. Sonett, M. S. Giampapa, and M. S. Mathews, 1992. Dergachev, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 34, no. 4, 1974. Dergachev, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 34, no. 4, 1974. Dergachev, Phys. Solariterr., no. 8, 1978. Dergachev, Phys. Solariterr., no. 8, 1978. Dergachev, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 35, no. 2, 1996. Dergachev, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 35, no. 2, 1996. Dergachev, Radiocarbon, v. 37, 1995. Dergachev, Radiocarbon, v. 37, 1995. Dergachev, Biophysics, v. 43, no. 5, 1998. Dergachev, Biophysics, v. 43, no. 5, 1998. Dergachev, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 40, no. 3, 2000. Dergachev, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 40, no. 3, 2000. Dergachev, Proc. First Solar and Space Weather Euroconference "The Solar Cicle and Terrestrial Climate'', 25-29 September, 2000, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 2000. Dergachev, Proc. First Solar and Space Weather Euroconference "The Solar Cicle and Terrestrial Climate'', 25-29 September, 2000, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 2000. Dergachev, Some Aspects of Choosing an Optimum Model for a Dynamic Carbon Reservoir, Preprint no. 491, 1975. Dergachev, Some Aspects of Choosing an Optimum Model for a Dynamic Carbon Reservoir, Preprint no. 491, 1975. Drijfhout, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 26, 1999., doi: 10.1029/1998GL900277 Drijfhout, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 26, 1999., doi: 10.1029/1998GL900277 Elsasser, Nature, v. 178, 1956., doi: 10.1038/1781226a0 Elsasser, Nature, v. 178, 1956., doi: 10.1038/1781226a0 Esper, Science, v. 295, 2002., doi: 10.1126/science.1066208 Esper, Science, v. 295, 2002., doi: 10.1126/science.1066208 Finkel, J. Geophys. Res., v. 102, no. C12, 1997., doi: 10.1029/97JC01282 Finkel, J. Geophys. Res., v. 102, no. C12, 1997., doi: 10.1029/97JC01282 Frank, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 149, 1997., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00070-8 Frank, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 149, 1997., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00070-8 Fröhlich, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 25, 1998. Fröhlich, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 25, 1998. Grootes, J. Geophys. Res., v. 102, 1997., doi: 10.1029/97JC00880 Grootes, J. Geophys. Res., v. 102, 1997., doi: 10.1029/97JC00880 Groverman, University of Maryland Publication, v. 79-181, 1979. Groverman, University of Maryland Publication, v. 79-181, 1979. Guyodo, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 143, 1996., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00121-5 Guyodo, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 143, 1996., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00121-5 Guyodo, Nature, v. 399, 1999., doi: 10.1038/20420 Guyodo, Nature, v. 399, 1999., doi: 10.1038/20420 Jenkins, pectral Analysis and Its Applications, Iss. 2, 1972. Jenkins, pectral Analysis and Its Applications, Iss. 2, 1972. Jones, J. Climate, v. 7, 1994., doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<1794:HSATVA>2.0.CO;2 Jones, J. Climate, v. 7, 1994., doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<1794:HSATVA>2.0.CO;2 Lawrence, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 25, 1998., doi: 10.1029/97GL03568 Lawrence, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 25, 1998., doi: 10.1029/97GL03568 Lean, Science, v. 240, 1988., doi: 10.1126/science.240.4854.906 Lean, Science, v. 240, 1988., doi: 10.1126/science.240.4854.906 Lean, Astrophys. J., v. 492, 1998., doi: 10.1086/305015 Lean, Astrophys. J., v. 492, 1998., doi: 10.1086/305015 Lehman, Phys. Earth Planet. Sci., v. 93, 1996., doi: 10.1016/0031-9201(95)03070-0 Lehman, Phys. Earth Planet. Sci., v. 93, 1996., doi: 10.1016/0031-9201(95)03070-0 Lockwood, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 26, 1999., doi: 10.1029/1999GL900485 Lockwood, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 26, 1999., doi: 10.1029/1999GL900485 Mann, Eos, v. 84, 2003. Mann, Eos, v. 84, 2003. Mann, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 30, no. 15, 2003., doi: 10.1029/2003GL017814 Mann, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 30, no. 15, 2003., doi: 10.1029/2003GL017814 Milankovitch, Mathematic Climatology and the Astronomic Theory of Climate Variations, 1939. Milankovitch, Mathematic Climatology and the Astronomic Theory of Climate Variations, 1939. Pallé Bago, Astron. and Geophys., v. 41, no. 4, 2000. Pallé Bago, Astron. and Geophys., v. 41, no. 4, 2000. Pallé Bago, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., v. 64, 2002., doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(01)00105-5 Pallé Bago, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., v. 64, 2002., doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(01)00105-5 Petrova, Characteristic Geomagnetic Field Variations in the Past, 1992. Petrova, Characteristic Geomagnetic Field Variations in the Past, 1992. Pudovkin, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 32, no. 1, 1992. Pudovkin, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 32, no. 1, 1992. Pudovkin, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., v. 57, 1995., doi: 10.1016/0021-9169(94)00109-2 Pudovkin, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., v. 57, 1995., doi: 10.1016/0021-9169(94)00109-2 Roble, J. Geophys. Res., v. 90, no. D4, 1985. Roble, J. Geophys. Res., v. 90, no. D4, 1985. Sagnotti, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 192, 2001., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00438-1 Sagnotti, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 192, 2001., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00438-1 Schmidt, Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau, v. 5, 1988. Schmidt, Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau, v. 5, 1988. Shackleton, Trans. Soc. R. Edinburgh Earth Sci., v. 81, 1990. Shackleton, Trans. Soc. R. Edinburgh Earth Sci., v. 81, 1990. Sonett, Nature, v. 308, 1984., doi: 10.1038/307141a0 Sonett, Nature, v. 308, 1984., doi: 10.1038/307141a0 Soon, Energy and Environment, v. 14, 2003., doi: 10.1260/095830503765184619 Soon, Energy and Environment, v. 14, 2003., doi: 10.1260/095830503765184619 Steig, Geogr. Ann., v. 82A, 2000., doi: 10.1111/1468-0459.00122 Steig, Geogr. Ann., v. 82A, 2000., doi: 10.1111/1468-0459.00122 Stozhkov, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 36, no. 4, 1996. Stozhkov, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 36, no. 4, 1996. Stuiver, Radiocarbon, v. 35, no. 1, 1993. Stuiver, Radiocarbon, v. 35, no. 1, 1993. Stuiver, The Holocene, v. 3, 1993. Stuiver, The Holocene, v. 3, 1993. Stuiver, Radiocarbon, v. 40, no. 3, 1998. Stuiver, Radiocarbon, v. 40, no. 3, 1998. Svensmark, Phys. Rev. Lett., v. 81, 1998., doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5027 Svensmark, Phys. Rev. Lett., v. 81, 1998., doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5027 Svensmark, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., v. 59, 1997., doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(97)00001-1 Svensmark, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., v. 59, 1997., doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(97)00001-1 Teanby, Geophys. J. Int., v. 142, 2000., doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00180.x Teanby, Geophys. J. Int., v. 142, 2000., doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00180.x Van Geel, Quat. Sci. Rev., v. 18, 1999., doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00088-2 Van Geel, Quat. Sci. Rev., v. 18, 1999., doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00088-2 Vasiliev, Annales Geophysical, v. 20, 2002. Vasiliev, Annales Geophysical, v. 20, 2002. Vasiliev, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 39, no. 6, 1999. Vasiliev, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, v. 39, no. 6, 1999. Waple, Clim. Dyn., v. 18, 2002. Waple, Clim. Dyn., v. 18, 2002. White, J. Geophys. Res., v. 102, 1997., doi: 10.1029/96JC03549 White, J. Geophys. Res., v. 102, 1997., doi: 10.1029/96JC03549 Webber, Space Sci. Rev., v. 83, 1998., doi: 10.1023/A:1005018823031 Webber, Space Sci. Rev., v. 83, 1998., doi: 10.1023/A:1005018823031