<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46953</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Ancient biosphere: The origin, trends and events</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Ancient biosphere: The origin, trends and events</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Fedonkin</surname>
       <given-names>M A</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Fedonkin</surname>
       <given-names>M A</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>10</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>1</fpage>
   <lpage>9</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-10T18:25:29+03:00">
     <day>10</day>
     <month>11</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/46953/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/46953/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>The biogenesis in the electron-rich conditions of the Hadean Earth was, probably, inevitable due to the energy flow as a powerful factor of dynamic ordering of the molecular structures. Hydrogen as a primary fuel of life and the metal catalysts, in particular, tungsten, iron and nickel, played a crucial role in the initiation of life. However the physical-chemical parameters of biosphere departed form the initial ones. Subsequent biological evolution was driven in a great degree by competition for access to hydrogen from the primary sources such as the degassing of the Earth interior or radiolysis, and from the simple hydrogen compounds via splitting the molecules of CH4, NH3, H2S, and at last, H2O in the oxygenic photosynthesis. The archaic metabolic pathways in the cell were superimposed by the new metabolic modules that have been formed due to the interaction with new environmental factors. This process and compartmentalization of the ancient biochemistry in vesicles and organelles etc. were resulted in the growing complexity of the cell. Symbiogenesis based on syntrophy, mutual dependence on the waste products of each other, was a key factor of early eukaryotization of the cell and of the biodiversity growth. Multidisciplinary synthesis of data reveals the timing of the most important events in early biosphere such as the earliest activity of the methanogens, origins of oxygenic photosynthesis, eukaryotic cell, and multicellular animals. New types of physiology related to those evolutionary events strongly affected the global biogeochemical cycles, sedimentogenesis and climate.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The biogenesis in the electron-rich conditions of the Hadean Earth was, probably, inevitable due to the energy flow as a powerful factor of dynamic ordering of the molecular structures. Hydrogen as a primary fuel of life and the metal catalysts, in particular, tungsten, iron and nickel, played a crucial role in the initiation of life. However the physical-chemical parameters of biosphere departed form the initial ones. Subsequent biological evolution was driven in a great degree by competition for access to hydrogen from the primary sources such as the degassing of the Earth interior or radiolysis, and from the simple hydrogen compounds via splitting the molecules of CH4, NH3, H2S, and at last, H2O in the oxygenic photosynthesis. The archaic metabolic pathways in the cell were superimposed by the new metabolic modules that have been formed due to the interaction with new environmental factors. This process and compartmentalization of the ancient biochemistry in vesicles and organelles etc. were resulted in the growing complexity of the cell. Symbiogenesis based on syntrophy, mutual dependence on the waste products of each other, was a key factor of early eukaryotization of the cell and of the biodiversity growth. Multidisciplinary synthesis of data reveals the timing of the most important events in early biosphere such as the earliest activity of the methanogens, origins of oxygenic photosynthesis, eukaryotic cell, and multicellular animals. New types of physiology related to those evolutionary events strongly affected the global biogeochemical cycles, sedimentogenesis and climate.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>origin of life</kwd>
    <kwd>hydrogen</kwd>
    <kwd>metal biocatalysts</kwd>
    <kwd>Hadean</kwd>
    <kwd>Archaean</kwd>
    <kwd>Proterozoic</kwd>
    <kwd>prokaryotes</kwd>
    <kwd>eukaryotes</kwd>
    <kwd>metazoans.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>origin of life</kwd>
    <kwd>hydrogen</kwd>
    <kwd>metal biocatalysts</kwd>
    <kwd>Hadean</kwd>
    <kwd>Archaean</kwd>
    <kwd>Proterozoic</kwd>
    <kwd>prokaryotes</kwd>
    <kwd>eukaryotes</kwd>
    <kwd>metazoans.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anbar, Science, v. 297, 2002., doi: 10.1126/science.1069651</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anbar, Science, v. 297, 2002., doi: 10.1126/science.1069651</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brochier, BMC Evolutionary Biology, v. 5, 2005., doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-5-36</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brochier, BMC Evolutionary Biology, v. 5, 2005., doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-5-36</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brocks, Science, v. 285, 1999., doi: 10.1126/science.285.5430.1033</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brocks, Science, v. 285, 1999., doi: 10.1126/science.285.5430.1033</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cammack, Adv. Org. Chemistry, v. 32, 1988.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cammack, Adv. Org. Chemistry, v. 32, 1988.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cates, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 255, no. 1#x2013;2, 2007., doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.034</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cates, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 255, no. 1#x2013;2, 2007., doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.034</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clarke, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 18, 2003., doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2003.08.007</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clarke, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 18, 2003., doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2003.08.007</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Toro, The Persistence and Availability of Metals in Aquatic Environments, 2001.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Toro, The Persistence and Availability of Metals in Aquatic Environments, 2001.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedonkin, Paleontological Journal, v. 37, 2003.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedonkin, Paleontological Journal, v. 37, 2003.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedonkin, Paleontological Research, v. 7, 2003.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedonkin, Paleontological Research, v. 7, 2003.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedonkin, Modern Problems of Geology, Transaction of the Geological Institute,  vol. 565, edited by Yu. O. Gavrilov and M. D. Hutorskoi, 2004.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedonkin, Modern Problems of Geology, Transaction of the Geological Institute,  vol. 565, edited by Yu. O. Gavrilov and M. D. Hutorskoi, 2004.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedonkin, Problems of geology and mineralogy,  edited by A. M. Pystin, 2006.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedonkin, Problems of geology and mineralogy,  edited by A. M. Pystin, 2006.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedonkin, Transactions of the 4th International Symposium &quot;Mineralogy and Life: Origin of biosphere and co-evolution of mineral and biological worlds, biomineralization'', 21#x2013;25 May, 2007, Syktyvkar, 2007.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedonkin, Transactions of the 4th International Symposium &quot;Mineralogy and Life: Origin of biosphere and co-evolution of mineral and biological worlds, biomineralization'', 21#x2013;25 May, 2007, Syktyvkar, 2007.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedonkin, The Rise and Fall of the Vendian Ediacaran Biota, Origin of Modern Biosphere, Proceedings of the International Symposium IGCP Project 493,  edited by M. A. Semikhatov, 2007.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedonkin, The Rise and Fall of the Vendian Ediacaran Biota, Origin of Modern Biosphere, Proceedings of the International Symposium IGCP Project 493,  edited by M. A. Semikhatov, 2007.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedonkin, &quot;Rise and Fall of the Vendian Biota'',  Special vol. 286, edited by P. Vickers-Rich and P. Komarower, 2007.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedonkin, &quot;Rise and Fall of the Vendian Biota'',  Special vol. 286, edited by P. Vickers-Rich and P. Komarower, 2007.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fontecave, Nat. Chem. Biol., v. 2, 2006., doi: 10.1038/nchembio0406-171</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fontecave, Nat. Chem. Biol., v. 2, 2006., doi: 10.1038/nchembio0406-171</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forterre, Theoretical Population Biology, v. 6, 2002., doi: 10.1006/tpbi.2002.1592</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forterre, Theoretical Population Biology, v. 6, 2002., doi: 10.1006/tpbi.2002.1592</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fra#xFA;sto da Silva, The Biological Chemistry of the Elements #x2013; The Inorganic Chemistry of life, 1997.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fra#xFA;sto da Silva, The Biological Chemistry of the Elements #x2013; The Inorganic Chemistry of life, 1997.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaidos, Science, v. 284, 1999., doi: 10.1126/science. 284.5420.1631</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaidos, Science, v. 284, 1999., doi: 10.1126/science. 284.5420.1631</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galimov, Phenomenon of Life: Between Equilibrium and Nonlinearity Origin and Principles of Evolution, 2001.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galimov, Phenomenon of Life: Between Equilibrium and Nonlinearity Origin and Principles of Evolution, 2001.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galimov, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 233, 2005., doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.026</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galimov, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 233, 2005., doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.026</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrison, Science, v. 310, 2005., doi: 10.1126/science.1117926</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrison, Science, v. 310, 2005., doi: 10.1126/science.1117926</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hedges, Trends in Genetics, v. 19, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0168-95250300053-2</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hedges, Trends in Genetics, v. 19, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0168-95250300053-2</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hengeveld, Acta Biotheoretica, v. 55, 2007., doi: 10.1007/s10441-007-9017-6</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hengeveld, Acta Biotheoretica, v. 55, 2007., doi: 10.1007/s10441-007-9017-6</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hengeveld, Acta Biotheoretica, v. 52, 2004., doi: 10.1023/B:ACBI.0000043439.34470.29</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hengeveld, Acta Biotheoretica, v. 52, 2004., doi: 10.1023/B:ACBI.0000043439.34470.29</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hengeveld, Acta Biotheoretica, v. 55, 2007., doi: 10.1007/s10441-007-9019-4</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hengeveld, Acta Biotheoretica, v. 55, 2007., doi: 10.1007/s10441-007-9019-4</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoehler, Geobiology, v. 2, 2004., doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00033.x</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoehler, Geobiology, v. 2, 2004., doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00033.x</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Javoy, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 22, 1995., doi: 10.1029/95GL02015</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Javoy, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 22, 1995., doi: 10.1029/95GL02015</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kadik, Magmatic transport of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen constituents from reduced planetary interiors, 2007.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kadik, Magmatic transport of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen constituents from reduced planetary interiors, 2007.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kandler, Early life on Earth, Nobel Symposium,  no. 84, edited by S. Bengtson, 1994.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kandler, Early life on Earth, Nobel Symposium,  no. 84, edited by S. Bengtson, 1994.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katz, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evolut. Syst., v. 35, 2004., doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130137</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katz, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evolut. Syst., v. 35, 2004., doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130137</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B31">
    <label>31.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy, Science, v. 311, 2006., doi: 10.1126/science.1118929</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy, Science, v. 311, 2006., doi: 10.1126/science.1118929</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B32">
    <label>32.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kopp, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., v. 102, 2005., doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504878102</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopp, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., v. 102, 2005., doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504878102</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B33">
    <label>33.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lane, Oxygen, the Molecule that made the World, 2002.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lane, Oxygen, the Molecule that made the World, 2002.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B34">
    <label>34.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lane, Nature, v. 441, 2006.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lane, Nature, v. 441, 2006.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B35">
    <label>35.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L'vov, Biochemistry Moscow, v. 67, 2002., doi: 10.1023/A:1014461913945</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L'vov, Biochemistry Moscow, v. 67, 2002., doi: 10.1023/A:1014461913945</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B36">
    <label>36.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Margulis, Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Toward a New Synthesis 50 Years after Stebbins,  edited by F. J. Ayala, W. M. Fitch and M. T. Clegg, 2000.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Margulis, Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Toward a New Synthesis 50 Years after Stebbins,  edited by F. J. Ayala, W. M. Fitch and M. T. Clegg, 2000.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B37">
    <label>37.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin, Nature, v. 392, 1998., doi: 10.1038/32096</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin, Nature, v. 392, 1998., doi: 10.1038/32096</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B38">
    <label>38.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, v. 358, 2003.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, v. 358, 2003.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B39">
    <label>39.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marty, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 62, 2006., doi: 10.2138/rmg.2006.62.18</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marty, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 62, 2006., doi: 10.2138/rmg.2006.62.18</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B40">
    <label>40.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McKeegan, Geology, v. 35, 2007., doi: 10.1130/G23465A.1</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McKeegan, Geology, v. 35, 2007., doi: 10.1130/G23465A.1</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B41">
    <label>41.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mereschkowsky, Biol. Centralbl., v. 25, 1905.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mereschkowsky, Biol. Centralbl., v. 25, 1905.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B42">
    <label>42.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mereschkowsky, Biol. Centralbl., v. 30, 1910.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mereschkowsky, Biol. Centralbl., v. 30, 1910.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B43">
    <label>43.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mereschkowsky, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. France, v. 6, 1920.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mereschkowsky, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. France, v. 6, 1920.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B44">
    <label>44.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mojzsis, Nature, v. 409, 2001., doi: 10.1038/35051557</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mojzsis, Nature, v. 409, 2001., doi: 10.1038/35051557</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B45">
    <label>45.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morowitz, Beginnings of cellular life: metabolism recapitulates biogenesis, 1992.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morowitz, Beginnings of cellular life: metabolism recapitulates biogenesis, 1992.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B46">
    <label>46.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nisbet, Nature, v. 409, 2001., doi: 10.1038/35059210</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nisbet, Nature, v. 409, 2001., doi: 10.1038/35059210</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B47">
    <label>47.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oparin, The Origin of Life, 1924.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oparin, The Origin of Life, 1924.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B48">
    <label>48.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oparin, The Origin of Life, Reprinted and translated by J. D. Bernal, 1967.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oparin, The Origin of Life, Reprinted and translated by J. D. Bernal, 1967.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B49">
    <label>49.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pavlov, Astrobiology, v. 2, 2002., doi: 10.1089/153110702753621321</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlov, Astrobiology, v. 2, 2002., doi: 10.1089/153110702753621321</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B50">
    <label>50.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prigogine, Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue With Nature, 1984.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prigogine, Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue With Nature, 1984.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B51">
    <label>51.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ragsdale, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, v. 2, 1998., doi: 10.1016/S1367-59319880062-8</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ragsdale, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, v. 2, 1998., doi: 10.1016/S1367-59319880062-8</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B52">
    <label>52.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravasz, Science, v. 297, 2002., doi: 10.1126/science.1073374</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ravasz, Science, v. 297, 2002., doi: 10.1126/science.1073374</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B53">
    <label>53.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rouault, TiBS, v. 21, 1996., doi: 10.1016/0968-00049610024-4</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rouault, TiBS, v. 21, 1996., doi: 10.1016/0968-00049610024-4</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B54">
    <label>54.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell, American Scientist, v. 94, 2006., doi: 10.1511/2006.1.32</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell, American Scientist, v. 94, 2006., doi: 10.1511/2006.1.32</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B55">
    <label>55.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell, Evolution of Early Earth's Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere #x2013; Constraints from Ore Deposits, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem.,  vol. 198, edited by S. E. Kesler and H. Ohmoto, 2006.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell, Evolution of Early Earth's Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere #x2013; Constraints from Ore Deposits, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem.,  vol. 198, edited by S. E. Kesler and H. Ohmoto, 2006.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B56">
    <label>56.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schaefer, Icarus, v. 186, no. 2, 2006., doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.002</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schaefer, Icarus, v. 186, no. 2, 2006., doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.002</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B57">
    <label>57.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schopf, Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth's Earliest Fossils, 1999.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schopf, Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth's Earliest Fossils, 1999.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B58">
    <label>58.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulte, Astrobiology, v. 6, 2006., doi: 10.1089/ast.2006.6.364</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulte, Astrobiology, v. 6, 2006., doi: 10.1089/ast.2006.6.364</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B59">
    <label>59.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semikhatov, Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, v. 4, 1996.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semikhatov, Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, v. 4, 1996.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B60">
    <label>60.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sergeev, Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, v. 15, 2007., doi: 10.1134/S0869593807020025</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergeev, Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, v. 15, 2007., doi: 10.1134/S0869593807020025</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B61">
    <label>61.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sorokhtin, Development of Earth, 2002.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorokhtin, Development of Earth, 2002.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B62">
    <label>62.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staley, Molecular Biology and Evolution, v. 23, 2006.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staley, Molecular Biology and Evolution, v. 23, 2006.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B63">
    <label>63.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stetter, FEMS Microbiol. Reviews, v. 18, 1996., doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00233.x</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stetter, FEMS Microbiol. Reviews, v. 18, 1996., doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00233.x</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B64">
    <label>64.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian, Science, v. 308, 2005., doi: 10.1126/science.1106983</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian, Science, v. 308, 2005., doi: 10.1126/science.1106983</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B65">
    <label>65.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trail, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., v. 8, 2007., doi: 10.1029/2006GC001449</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trail, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., v. 8, 2007., doi: 10.1029/2006GC001449</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B66">
    <label>66.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vignais, FEMS Microbiology Review, v. 25, 2001.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vignais, FEMS Microbiology Review, v. 25, 2001.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B67">
    <label>67.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinogradov, Geokhimiya, v. 7, 1962.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinogradov, Geokhimiya, v. 7, 1962.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B68">
    <label>68.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">W#xE4;chterh#xE4;user, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., v. 10, 1988.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">W#xE4;chterh#xE4;user, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., v. 10, 1988.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B69">
    <label>69.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wackett, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., v. 2, 2004., doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.2.647-655.2004</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wackett, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., v. 2, 2004., doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.2.647-655.2004</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B70">
    <label>70.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilde, Nature, v. 409, 2001., doi: 10.1038/35051550</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilde, Nature, v. 409, 2001., doi: 10.1038/35051550</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B71">
    <label>71.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woese, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., v. 87, 1990., doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woese, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., v. 87, 1990., doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B72">
    <label>72.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng, Biochem. Pharmacol., v. 59, 2000., doi: 10.1016/S0006-29529900289-0</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng, Biochem. Pharmacol., v. 59, 2000., doi: 10.1016/S0006-29529900289-0</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
