<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47008</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Numerical analysis of geodynamic evolution of the Earth based on a thermochemical model of the mantle convection</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Numerical analysis of geodynamic evolution of the Earth based on a thermochemical model of the mantle convection</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Lobkovsky</surname>
       <given-names>L I</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Lobkovsky</surname>
       <given-names>L I</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Kotelkin</surname>
       <given-names>V D</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kotelkin</surname>
       <given-names>V D</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>6</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>49</fpage>
   <lpage>58</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-10T20:38:20+03:00">
     <day>10</day>
     <month>11</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/47008/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/47008/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Full-scale numerical modeling of the geodynamic evolution of the Earth throughout its existence is performed in terms of the thermochemical model of mantle convection proposed by the authors. Numerical modelling results are visualized in color and their detailed videorecord is presented. The global geodynamic process is clearly characterized by the presence of cycles of different lengths. Hydrodynamic pulsations associated with reorganizations of convective cells in the upper mantle correlate well with the geological cycles of Stille ~30nbsp;Myr. Moreover, the numerical experiments have shown that large avalanche-like flows of substance from the upper mantle into the lower mantle through their endothermic interface took place during the geodynamic evolution of the Earth; these impulsive downward flows significantly differ both quantitatively and qualitatively. In particular, impulsive flows of upper mantle substance into the lower mantle on a continental or regional scale the so-called avalanches, also observable in our model, correspond in our interpretation to the geological cycles of Bertrand ~170nbsp;Myr. In addition, numerical experiments revealed the presence of basically new impulsive flows of upper mantle substance into the lower mantle on a planetary global scale that are referred to as overturns; about half of the upper mantle material is replaced by the material of the lower mantle over a relatively short time of the development of such an overturn. In our interpretation, the mantle overturns correlate with the Wilson cycles 700-900nbsp;Myr, which is evidence of their geodynamic nature and accounts for such major geological events as periodic assemblages and breakups of continent, the asymmetric structure of the Earth, and others. As the mantle cools during the evolution of the Earth, mantle overturns gradually attenuate and degenerate into mantle avalanches.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Full-scale numerical modeling of the geodynamic evolution of the Earth throughout its existence is performed in terms of the thermochemical model of mantle convection proposed by the authors. Numerical modelling results are visualized in color and their detailed videorecord is presented. The global geodynamic process is clearly characterized by the presence of cycles of different lengths. Hydrodynamic pulsations associated with reorganizations of convective cells in the upper mantle correlate well with the geological cycles of Stille ~30nbsp;Myr. Moreover, the numerical experiments have shown that large avalanche-like flows of substance from the upper mantle into the lower mantle through their endothermic interface took place during the geodynamic evolution of the Earth; these impulsive downward flows significantly differ both quantitatively and qualitatively. In particular, impulsive flows of upper mantle substance into the lower mantle on a continental or regional scale the so-called avalanches, also observable in our model, correspond in our interpretation to the geological cycles of Bertrand ~170nbsp;Myr. In addition, numerical experiments revealed the presence of basically new impulsive flows of upper mantle substance into the lower mantle on a planetary global scale that are referred to as overturns; about half of the upper mantle material is replaced by the material of the lower mantle over a relatively short time of the development of such an overturn. In our interpretation, the mantle overturns correlate with the Wilson cycles 700-900nbsp;Myr, which is evidence of their geodynamic nature and accounts for such major geological events as periodic assemblages and breakups of continent, the asymmetric structure of the Earth, and others. As the mantle cools during the evolution of the Earth, mantle overturns gradually attenuate and degenerate into mantle avalanches.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>geodynamic evolution</kwd>
    <kwd>numerical analysis</kwd>
    <kwd>thermochemical model</kwd>
    <kwd>mantle convection.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>geodynamic evolution</kwd>
    <kwd>numerical analysis</kwd>
    <kwd>thermochemical model</kwd>
    <kwd>mantle convection.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Artyushkov, Geodynamics, 1979.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Artyushkov, Geodynamics, 1979.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bercovici, Science, v. 244, 1989., doi: 10.1126/science.244.4907.950</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bercovici, Science, v. 244, 1989., doi: 10.1126/science.244.4907.950</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christensen, J. Geophys. Res., v. 89, 1984.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christensen, J. Geophys. Res., v. 89, 1984.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dziewonski, Science, v. 236, 1987., doi: 10.1126/science.236.4797.37</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dziewonski, Science, v. 236, 1987., doi: 10.1126/science.236.4797.37</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fukao, J. Geol. Soc. Japan, v. 100, no. 1, 1994.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukao, J. Geol. Soc. Japan, v. 100, no. 1, 1994.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glatzmaier, Nature, v. 347, 1990., doi: 10.1038/347274a0</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glatzmaier, Nature, v. 347, 1990., doi: 10.1038/347274a0</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ito, J. Geophys. Res., v. 94, 1989.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ito, J. Geophys. Res., v. 94, 1989.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ito, Science, v. 249, 1990., doi: 10.1126/science.249.4974.1275</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ito, Science, v. 249, 1990., doi: 10.1126/science.249.4974.1275</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeanloz, Rev. Geophys., v. 21, 1983.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeanloz, Rev. Geophys., v. 21, 1983.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keondzhyan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 253, no. 1, 1980.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keondzhyan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 253, no. 1, 1980.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khain, Fundamental Problems of General Tectonics, 2001.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khain, Fundamental Problems of General Tectonics, 2001.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lobkovsky, General Problems of Tectonics: Tectonics of Russia, 2000.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobkovsky, General Problems of Tectonics: Tectonics of Russia, 2000.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lobkovsky, Problems of Global Geodynamics: Proceedings of the OGGGGN RAN Theoretical Seminar of 1998-1999, edited by D. V. Rundkvist, 2000.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobkovsky, Problems of Global Geodynamics: Proceedings of the OGGGGN RAN Theoretical Seminar of 1998-1999, edited by D. V. Rundkvist, 2000.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lobkovsky, Tectonics of Neogea: Global and Regional Aspects, 2001.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobkovsky, Tectonics of Neogea: Global and Regional Aspects, 2001.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lobkovsky, Tectonics and Geodynamics of the Continental Lithosphere, 2003.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobkovsky, Tectonics and Geodynamics of the Continental Lithosphere, 2003.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machetel, Nature, v. 350, 1991., doi: 10.1038/350055a0</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machetel, Nature, v. 350, 1991., doi: 10.1038/350055a0</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maruyama, J. Geol. Soc. Japan, v. 100, no. 1, 1994.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maruyama, J. Geol. Soc. Japan, v. 100, no. 1, 1994.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 294, no. 1, 1987.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 294, no. 1, 1987.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 295, no. 5, 1987.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 295, no. 5, 1987.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myasnikov, Evolutionary Models of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets, 1980.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myasnikov, Evolutionary Models of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets, 1980.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solheim, J. Geophys. Res., v. 99, no. B4, 1994., doi: 10.1029/93JB02168</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solheim, J. Geophys. Res., v. 99, no. B4, 1994., doi: 10.1029/93JB02168</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sorokhtin, Global evolution of the Earth, 1991.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorokhtin, Global evolution of the Earth, 1991.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tackley, Nature, v. 361, 1993., doi: 10.1038/361699a0</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tackley, Nature, v. 361, 1993., doi: 10.1038/361699a0</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trubitsyn, Russian J. Earth Sci., v. 1, no. 2, 1998.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trubitsyn, Russian J. Earth Sci., v. 1, no. 2, 1998.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trubitsyn, Problems of Global Geodynamics: Proceedings of the OGGGGN RAN Seminar of 1998-1999, edited by D. V. Rundkvist, 2000.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trubitsyn, Problems of Global Geodynamics: Proceedings of the OGGGGN RAN Seminar of 1998-1999, edited by D. V. Rundkvist, 2000.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Keken, J. Geophys. Res., v. 102, no. B10, 1997., doi: 10.1029/97JB01353</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Keken, J. Geophys. Res., v. 102, no. B10, 1997., doi: 10.1029/97JB01353</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vityazev, Zemlya i Vselenaya, no. 2, 1990.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vityazev, Zemlya i Vselenaya, no. 2, 1990.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
