Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 1681-1208 47089 ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ORIGINAL ARTICLES ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ The origin of black shale-hosted Mn deposits in Paratethyan basins: Constraints from geological events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary The origin of black shale-hosted Mn deposits in Paratethyan basins: Constraints from geological events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary Varentsov I M Varentsov I M Muzyliov N G Muzyliov N G Nikolaev V G Nikolaev V G Stupin S I Stupin S I Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ru Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ru Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ru Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ru Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ru Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ru Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ru Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ru 5 4 255 272 10 11 2021 https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/47089/view

The giant, Phanerozoic largest Mn deposits of southern Ukraine and Georgia and the Mn-rich strata of Mangyshlak, northeastern Bulgaria, northwestern Turkey, Hungary, and Slovakia were laid down synchronously at the base of the Early Oligocene interval. Their formation was controlled by an optimum combination of major geological events. The collision of Eurasia and the Indian subcontinent in terminal Eocene time boosted the generation of new sea floor at the crests of the global system of mid-ocean ridges with ensuing global transgression and a huge input of hydrothermal components Mn, Fe, SiO2, Ca, CO2, etc.. Meanwhile in the Paratethys, Early Oligocene was a time of inception of and/or rapid subsidence in the marginal inland basins that stored black shales and vast amounts of dissolved Mn 2+. Shelf settings provided the milieu for extensive Mn deposition due to transgressive incursions of dense oceanic waters that displaced the Mn-rich anoxic ones.

The giant, Phanerozoic largest Mn deposits of southern Ukraine and Georgia and the Mn-rich strata of Mangyshlak, northeastern Bulgaria, northwestern Turkey, Hungary, and Slovakia were laid down synchronously at the base of the Early Oligocene interval. Their formation was controlled by an optimum combination of major geological events. The collision of Eurasia and the Indian subcontinent in terminal Eocene time boosted the generation of new sea floor at the crests of the global system of mid-ocean ridges with ensuing global transgression and a huge input of hydrothermal components Mn, Fe, SiO2, Ca, CO2, etc.. Meanwhile in the Paratethys, Early Oligocene was a time of inception of and/or rapid subsidence in the marginal inland basins that stored black shales and vast amounts of dissolved Mn 2+. Shelf settings provided the milieu for extensive Mn deposition due to transgressive incursions of dense oceanic waters that displaced the Mn-rich anoxic ones.

 Paratethyan basins Mn deposits Eocene/Oligocene boundary geological events. Paratethyan basins Mn deposits Eocene/Oligocene boundary geological events.

Adamiya, Geotektonika, v. 1, 1974. Adamiya, Geotektonika, v. 1, 1974. Aleksiev, Izv. Geol. Inst. Bulgar. Akad. Nauk, v. 7, 1959. Aleksiev, Izv. Geol. Inst. Bulgar. Akad. Nauk, v. 7, 1959. Basentsian, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., v. 10, 1981. Basentsian, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., v. 10, 1981. Beloussov, The Structure and Evolution of the Black Sea, 1992. Beloussov, The Structure and Evolution of the Black Sea, 1992. Bercovoci, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 205, no. 3-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X0201009-9 Bercovoci, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 205, no. 3-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X0201009-9 Betekhtin, The Nikopol Manganiferous Basin, 1964. Betekhtin, The Nikopol Manganiferous Basin, 1964. Betekhtin, The Chiaturi Manganese Deposit, 1964. Betekhtin, The Chiaturi Manganese Deposit, 1964. Brewer, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geol. Mem., v. 20, 1974. Brewer, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geol. Mem., v. 20, 1974. Bukry, Init. Repts. DSDP, 40, 1978. Bukry, Init. Repts. DSDP, 40, 1978. Bukry, Soc. Econom. Paleontol. Spec. Publ., v. 32, 1981. Bukry, Soc. Econom. Paleontol. Spec. Publ., v. 32, 1981. Burdige, Earth Sci. Reviews, v. 35, 1993., doi: 10.1016/0012-82529390040-E Burdige, Earth Sci. Reviews, v. 35, 1993., doi: 10.1016/0012-82529390040-E Burdzhanidze, Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins of Northern Eurasia, 1995. Burdzhanidze, Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins of Northern Eurasia, 1995. Butuzova, Litol. Polezn. Iskop., v. 4, 1964. Butuzova, Litol. Polezn. Iskop., v. 4, 1964. B#xE1;ldi, Bull. Hungar. Geol. Soc., no. 3-4, 1980. B#xE1;ldi, Bull. Hungar. Geol. Soc., no. 3-4, 1980. B#xE1;ldi, Mid-Tertiary stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of Hungary, 1986. B#xE1;ldi, Mid-Tertiary stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of Hungary, 1986. B#xE1;ldi, Abh. Geol. Bundesanst, v. 56, no. 2, 1999. B#xE1;ldi, Abh. Geol. Bundesanst, v. 56, no. 2, 1999. Chekunov, Crustal Structure and Tectonic Setup of the Southern European Part of the USSR, 1972. Chekunov, Crustal Structure and Tectonic Setup of the Southern European Part of the USSR, 1972. Chukhrov, Geol. Rudn. Mestorozhd., v. 16, no. 3, 1974. Chukhrov, Geol. Rudn. Mestorozhd., v. 16, no. 3, 1974. Chumakov, Priroda, no. 12, 1993. Chumakov, Priroda, no. 12, 1993. Ciesielski, Mar. Geol., v. 25, 1977., doi: 10.1016/0025-32277790052-4 Ciesielski, Mar. Geol., v. 25, 1977., doi: 10.1016/0025-32277790052-4 Cloetingh, Sediment. Geol., v. 156, no. 1-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0037-07380200287-7 Cloetingh, Sediment. Geol., v. 156, no. 1-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0037-07380200287-7 Collins, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 2005, no. 3-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X0201043-9 Collins, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 2005, no. 3-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X0201043-9 Dercourt, Evolution of the Tethys, edited by J. Aubouin, X. Le Pichon, and A. S. Monin, Tectonophysics, v. 123, no. 1-4, 1986. Dercourt, Evolution of the Tethys, edited by J. Aubouin, X. Le Pichon, and A. S. Monin, Tectonophysics, v. 123, no. 1-4, 1986. Dyrssen, Marine Chemistry, v. 30, 1990., doi: 10.1016/0304-42039090070-S Dyrssen, Marine Chemistry, v. 30, 1990., doi: 10.1016/0304-42039090070-S Dzotsenidze, Litol. Polezn. Iskop., v. 1, 1965. Dzotsenidze, Litol. Polezn. Iskop., v. 1, 1965. Dzotsenidze, New Data on the Manganese Deposits of the USSR, 1980. Dzotsenidze, New Data on the Manganese Deposits of the USSR, 1980. Eaton, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., v. 43, 1979., doi: 10.1016/0016-70377990208-4 Eaton, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., v. 43, 1979., doi: 10.1016/0016-70377990208-4 Ershov, Sediment. Geol., v. 156, no. 1-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0037-07380200284-1 Ershov, Sediment. Geol., v. 156, no. 1-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0037-07380200284-1 Finetti, Bull. Geofisica Teor. Appl., v. 30, no. 117-118, 1988. Finetti, Bull. Geofisica Teor. Appl., v. 30, no. 117-118, 1988. Franck, Gerlands Beitr#xE4;ge f#xFC;r Geophysik, v. 96, 1987. Franck, Gerlands Beitr#xE4;ge f#xFC;r Geophysik, v. 96, 1987. Gavura, Stratotypes of the Cretaceous and Paleogene Strata of the Ukrainian Carpathians, 1988. Gavura, Stratotypes of the Cretaceous and Paleogene Strata of the Ukrainian Carpathians, 1988. Geodekyan, Dokl. Ross. Akad. Nauk, v. 346, no. 2, 1996. Geodekyan, Dokl. Ross. Akad. Nauk, v. 346, no. 2, 1996. German, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., v. 87, 1995. German, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., v. 87, 1995. German, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 107, no. 1, 1991., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X9190047-L German, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 107, no. 1, 1991., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X9190047-L Glasby, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., v. 119, 1997. Glasby, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., v. 119, 1997. Golmshtok, Tectonophysics, v. 210, 1992., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519290326-2 Golmshtok, Tectonophysics, v. 210, 1992., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519290326-2 Golovin, Geological and Biotic Events of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene in the Former USSR Territory, Part II, Trudy Geol. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Issue 507, 1998. Golovin, Geological and Biotic Events of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene in the Former USSR Territory, Part II, Trudy Geol. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Issue 507, 1998. Gorshkov, An Album of Structural Maps and Isopach Maps of the Cenozoic Strata of the Black Sea Basin, scale 1:1,500,000, edited by D. A. Tugolesov, 1989. Gorshkov, An Album of Structural Maps and Isopach Maps of the Cenozoic Strata of the Black Sea Basin, scale 1:1,500,000, edited by D. A. Tugolesov, 1989. Gorshkov, An Explanatory Note to the Album of Structural Maps and Isopach Maps of the Cenozoic Strata of the Black Sea Basin, scale 1:1,500,000, edited by D. A. Tugolesov, 1993. Gorshkov, An Explanatory Note to the Album of Structural Maps and Isopach Maps of the Cenozoic Strata of the Black Sea Basin, scale 1:1,500,000, edited by D. A. Tugolesov, 1993. Gurvich, Metalliferous Sediments of the World Ocean, 1998. Gurvich, Metalliferous Sediments of the World Ocean, 1998. Haczewski, Ann. Soc. Geol. Poloniae, v. 59, 1989. Haczewski, Ann. Soc. Geol. Poloniae, v. 59, 1989. Harland, A geologic time scale, 1989, 1989. Harland, A geologic time scale, 1989, 1989. International..., International Tectonic Map of Europe, scale 1: 5,000,000, 3rd edition, Kartfabrika VSEGEI, 1998. International..., International Tectonic Map of Europe, scale 1: 5,000,000, 3rd edition, Kartfabrika VSEGEI, 1998. Ivanov, Russia's Petroliferous and Coaliferous Basins: In Commemoration of the 75th Birthday of Prof. V. V. Semenovich, 1996. Ivanov, Russia's Petroliferous and Coaliferous Basins: In Commemoration of the 75th Birthday of Prof. V. V. Semenovich, 1996. Kacharava, Geological Events across the Eocene/Oligocene Boundary in Georgia, 1991. Kacharava, Geological Events across the Eocene/Oligocene Boundary in Georgia, 1991. Kalinenko, Litol. Polezn. Iskop., v. 1, 1964. Kalinenko, Litol. Polezn. Iskop., v. 1, 1964. Kazmin, Geotektonika, v. 1, 2000. Kazmin, Geotektonika, v. 1, 2000. Khain, Regional Geotectonics: The Alpine Mediterranean Belt, 1984. Khain, Regional Geotectonics: The Alpine Mediterranean Belt, 1984. Khamkhadze, Volcanism and Lithogenesis, 1981. Khamkhadze, Volcanism and Lithogenesis, 1981. Kholodov, The Evolution of Sedimentary Mineralization in the Earth's History, 1984. Kholodov, The Evolution of Sedimentary Mineralization in the Earth's History, 1984. Kholodov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., v. 12, 1991. Kholodov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., v. 12, 1991. Kissel, Tectonophysics, v. 362, no. 1-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0040-19510200638-8 Kissel, Tectonophysics, v. 362, no. 1-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0040-19510200638-8 Knyazev, Sedimentology and Facies Analysis of Sedimentary Metalliferous Sequences Al-Fe-Mn, 1986. Knyazev, Sedimentology and Facies Analysis of Sedimentary Metalliferous Sequences Al-Fe-Mn, 1986. Konta, Collected articles of the Central Geological Committee of the Cz#xE9;ch#xF2;-Slovak Republic, dedicated to sixtieth birthday of Prof. Dr. Radim Kettner, Issue 18, 1951. Konta, Collected articles of the Central Geological Committee of the Cz#xE9;ch#xF2;-Slovak Republic, dedicated to sixtieth birthday of Prof. Dr. Radim Kettner, Issue 18, 1951. Krasheninnikov, Geological and Biotic Events of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene on the Former USSR Territory, Part I, Regional Geology of the Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene, Trudy Geol. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Issue 489, 1996. Krasheninnikov, Geological and Biotic Events of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene on the Former USSR Territory, Part I, Regional Geology of the Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene, Trudy Geol. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Issue 489, 1996. Krasheninnikov, Geological and Biotic Events of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene on the Former USSR Territory, Part II, Geological and Biotic Events, Trudy Geol. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Issue 507, 1998. Krasheninnikov, Geological and Biotic Events of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene on the Former USSR Territory, Part II, Geological and Biotic Events, Trudy Geol. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Issue 507, 1998. Krasheninnikov, Voprosy Mikropaleonol., no. 18, 1975. Krasheninnikov, Voprosy Mikropaleonol., no. 18, 1975. Krhovsky, Proc. Fourth INA Conf., Prague, 1991, V. II, 1992. Krhovsky, Proc. Fourth INA Conf., Prague, 1991, V. II, 1992. Laliev, The Maikop Group of Georgia, 1964. Laliev, The Maikop Group of Georgia, 1964. Le Pichon, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 13, no. 1, 1971., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X7190117-8 Le Pichon, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 13, no. 1, 1971., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X7190117-8 Leventhal, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 47, 1983., doi: 10.1016/0016-70378390097-2 Leventhal, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 47, 1983., doi: 10.1016/0016-70378390097-2 Levitan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 241, no. 4, 1978. Levitan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 241, no. 4, 1978. Levitan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 242, no. 3, 1978. Levitan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 242, no. 3, 1978. Lipman, Radiolarians from the key Oligocene section in the Black Sea region, 1981. Lipman, Radiolarians from the key Oligocene section in the Black Sea region, 1981. Lisitsyn, Oceanology, Marine Geology, The Geological History of the World Ocean, 1980. Lisitsyn, Oceanology, Marine Geology, The Geological History of the World Ocean, 1980. Lisitsyn, Sedimentology at the New Stage in the Development of Geoscience, 1981. Lisitsyn, Sedimentology at the New Stage in the Development of Geoscience, 1981. Lomize, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 290, no. 4, 1986. Lomize, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 290, no. 4, 1986. Makharadze, Materials on Economic Minerals of the Caucasus, 1979. Makharadze, Materials on Economic Minerals of the Caucasus, 1979. Merklin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 133, no. 3, 1960. Merklin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 133, no. 3, 1960. Mokievskaya, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 137, no. 6, 1961. Mokievskaya, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 137, no. 6, 1961. Molnar, Bull. Hungar. Geol. Soc., Budapest, v. 91, no. 2, 1961. Molnar, Bull. Hungar. Geol. Soc., Budapest, v. 91, no. 2, 1961. Mstislavsky, Geol. Rudn. Mestorozhd., v. 27, no. 6, 1985. Mstislavsky, Geol. Rudn. Mestorozhd., v. 27, no. 6, 1985. Muzyliov, Sov. Geol., v. 1, 1987. Muzyliov, Sov. Geol., v. 1, 1987. Muzyliov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., v. 5, 1992. Muzyliov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., v. 5, 1992. Muzyliov, Biostratigraphy and Microorganisms of the Phanerozoic of Eurasia, 1997. Muzyliov, Biostratigraphy and Microorganisms of the Phanerozoic of Eurasia, 1997. Nagymarosu, Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. Amserdam, v. B, no. 86, 1983. Nagymarosu, Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. Amserdam, v. B, no. 86, 1983. Nevmirich, Foraminifers from Oligocene strata of central and eastern Turkmenistan: Stratigraphic implications, 1976. Nevmirich, Foraminifers from Oligocene strata of central and eastern Turkmenistan: Stratigraphic implications, 1976. Nikishin, Sediment. Geol., v. 156, no. 1-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0037-07380200286-5 Nikishin, Sediment. Geol., v. 156, no. 1-4, 2003., doi: 10.1016/S0037-07380200286-5 Nikolaev, Trudy Geol. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Issue 406, 1986. Nikolaev, Trudy Geol. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Issue 406, 1986. Nosovsky, Byull. Mosk. O-va. Ispyt. Prirody, Otd. Geol., v. 38, no. 5, 1963. Nosovsky, Byull. Mosk. O-va. Ispyt. Prirody, Otd. Geol., v. 38, no. 5, 1963. Obruchev, Metallic Mineral Deposits, The Descriptive Part. 2nd edition, amended and considerably supplemented, A manual for the technology schools of higher learning under the People's Commissariat of Technological Education, 1934. Obruchev, Metallic Mineral Deposits, The Descriptive Part. 2nd edition, amended and considerably supplemented, A manual for the technology schools of higher learning under the People's Commissariat of Technological Education, 1934. Ozt#xFC;rk, Ore Geol. Reviews, v. 10, 1995., doi: 10.1016/0169-13689500010-0 Ozt#xFC;rk, Ore Geol. Reviews, v. 10, 1995., doi: 10.1016/0169-13689500010-0 Panto, Le mineral de mangan#xE9;se de Eger-Demjen, Annales de l'Institut Geologique, Pt. I, 1953. Panto, Le mineral de mangan#xE9;se de Eger-Demjen, Annales de l'Institut Geologique, Pt. I, 1953. Parker, Init. Rep. DSDP, v. 82, 1985. Parker, Init. Rep. DSDP, v. 82, 1985. Pasechny, Paleogeography, Paleolandscapes, 1977. Pasechny, Paleogeography, Paleolandscapes, 1977. Popkov, paper presented at 1st All-Russian Sedimentology Meeting, Moscow, December 19 to 21, 2000. Popkov, paper presented at 1st All-Russian Sedimentology Meeting, Moscow, December 19 to 21, 2000. Popov, Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya, v. 1, no. 6, 1993. Popov, Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya, v. 1, no. 6, 1993. Ricou, Tectonophysics, v. 123, no. 1-4, 1986. Ricou, Tectonophysics, v. 123, no. 1-4, 1986. Robinson, Marine Petrol. Geol., v. 12, no. 8, 1995., doi: 10.1016/0264-81729598850-5 Robinson, Marine Petrol. Geol., v. 12, no. 8, 1995., doi: 10.1016/0264-81729598850-5 Robinson, Marine Petrol. Geol., v. 13, no. 2, 1996., doi: 10.1016/0264-81729500042-9 Robinson, Marine Petrol. Geol., v. 13, no. 2, 1996., doi: 10.1016/0264-81729500042-9 R#xF6;gl, Geol. Carpath., v. 50, no. 4, 1999. R#xF6;gl, Geol. Carpath., v. 50, no. 4, 1999. Sapozhnikov, Geol. Rudn. Mestorozhd., v. IX, no. 1, 1967. Sapozhnikov, Geol. Rudn. Mestorozhd., v. IX, no. 1, 1967. Sapozhnikov, Manganese Deposits of the USSR, 1967. Sapozhnikov, Manganese Deposits of the USSR, 1967. Sapozhnikov, Okeanologiya, v. 40, no. 3, 2000. Sapozhnikov, Okeanologiya, v. 40, no. 3, 2000. Savin, Ann. Review Earth Planet. Sci., v. 5, 1977., doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.001535 Savin, Ann. Review Earth Planet. Sci., v. 5, 1977., doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.001535 Schwan, Tectonophysics, v. 115, no. 3-4, 1985., doi: 10.1016/0040-19518590139-8 Schwan, Tectonophysics, v. 115, no. 3-4, 1985., doi: 10.1016/0040-19518590139-8 Selin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 130, no. 2, 1960. Selin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 130, no. 2, 1960. Selin, The Stratigraphy and Mollusks of the Oligocene of the Bolshoi Tokmak Manganiferous District, 1964. Selin, The Stratigraphy and Mollusks of the Oligocene of the Bolshoi Tokmak Manganiferous District, 1964. Shnyukov, The Genesis of Iron Ores of the Azov-Black Sea Ore Province, 1965. Shnyukov, The Genesis of Iron Ores of the Azov-Black Sea Ore Province, 1965. Shnyukov, The composition, origin, and distribution of sedimentary rocks and mineralization, 1981. Shnyukov, The composition, origin, and distribution of sedimentary rocks and mineralization, 1981. Shnyukov, Manganese Ores of Ukraine, 1993. Shnyukov, Manganese Ores of Ukraine, 1993. Shterenberg, Lithol. Polezn. Iskop., v. 1, 1964. Shterenberg, Lithol. Polezn. Iskop., v. 1, 1964. Skopintsev, Oceanology and Ocean Chemistry, Hydrochemistry of the Ocean, vol. 1, 1979. Skopintsev, Oceanology and Ocean Chemistry, Hydrochemistry of the Ocean, vol. 1, 1979. Skopintsev, Trudy Geol. Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Issue 97, 1963. Skopintsev, Trudy Geol. Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Issue 97, 1963. Spadini, Tectonophysics, v. 266, no. 1-4, 1996., doi: 10.1016/S0040-19519600187-4 Spadini, Tectonophysics, v. 266, no. 1-4, 1996., doi: 10.1016/S0040-19519600187-4 Spencer, J. Geophys. Res., v. 76, 1971. Spencer, J. Geophys. Res., v. 76, 1971. Stolyarov, Byull. Nauchn.-Tekhn. Inform. Min. Geol. Okhrany Nedr SSSR, v. 3, 1958. Stolyarov, Byull. Nauchn.-Tekhn. Inform. Min. Geol. Okhrany Nedr SSSR, v. 3, 1958. Stolyarov, Otechestv. Geologiya, Moscow, no. 5, 1993. Stolyarov, Otechestv. Geologiya, Moscow, no. 5, 1993. Stolyarov, Byull. Mosk. O-va. Ispyt. Prirody, Otd. Geol., v. 37, no. 3, 1962. Stolyarov, Byull. Mosk. O-va. Ispyt. Prirody, Otd. Geol., v. 37, no. 3, 1962. Strakhov, Manganese Deposits of the USSR, 1967. Strakhov, Manganese Deposits of the USSR, 1967. Strakhov, Trudy Geol. Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Issue 185, 1968. Strakhov, Trudy Geol. Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Issue 185, 1968. Tapponnier, Collision Tectonics, edited by M. P. Coward and A. C. Ries, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, v. 19, 1986. Tapponnier, Collision Tectonics, edited by M. P. Coward and A. C. Ries, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, v. 19, 1986. Thamdrup, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 58, 1994., doi: 10.1016/0016-70379490032-9 Thamdrup, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 58, 1994., doi: 10.1016/0016-70379490032-9 Tkachenko, A Diatomite from the Menilitic Formation of the Section of the Vyrva River, Dobromil County, 1963. Tkachenko, A Diatomite from the Menilitic Formation of the Section of the Vyrva River, Dobromil County, 1963. Tugolesov, The Tectonic Structure of the Meso-Cenozoic Strata of the Black Sea Basin, 1985. Tugolesov, The Tectonic Structure of the Meso-Cenozoic Strata of the Black Sea Basin, 1985. Vadas, The Geology of Hungary, translated into Russian under the title Geologiya Vengrii, 1964. Vadas, The Geology of Hungary, translated into Russian under the title Geologiya Vengrii, 1964. Van, Geophysics of the Pacific Ocean Basin and its Margin, 1976. Van, Geophysics of the Pacific Ocean Basin and its Margin, 1976. Varentsov, Trudy Geol. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 97, 1963. Varentsov, Trudy Geol. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 97, 1963. Varentsov, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 71: Ba, Sr, and major components edited by W. J. Ludwig, V. A. Krasheninnikov, et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 71, 1983. Varentsov, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 71: Ba, Sr, and major components edited by W. J. Ludwig, V. A. Krasheninnikov, et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 71, 1983. Varentsov, Manganese Ores of Supergene Zone: Geochemistry of Formation, 1996. Varentsov, Manganese Ores of Supergene Zone: Geochemistry of Formation, 1996. Varentsov, Ore Geol. Reviews, v. 20, no. 1-2, 2002., doi: 10.1016/S0169-13680200039-2 Varentsov, Ore Geol. Reviews, v. 20, no. 1-2, 2002., doi: 10.1016/S0169-13680200039-2 Varentsov, paper presented at 1st All-Russian Sedimentology Meeting, Moscow, December 19 to 21, 2000. Varentsov, paper presented at 1st All-Russian Sedimentology Meeting, Moscow, December 19 to 21, 2000. Varentsov, Dokl. Ross. Akad. Nauk, v. 376, no. 4, 2001. Varentsov, Dokl. Ross. Akad. Nauk, v. 376, no. 4, 2001. Varentsov, Init. Repts. DSDP, 62, 1981. Varentsov, Init. Repts. DSDP, 62, 1981. Varentsov, Geol. Rudn. Mestorozhd., v. 39, no. 1, 1997. Varentsov, Geol. Rudn. Mestorozhd., v. 39, no. 1, 1997. Vernadsky, Izbrannye trudy Selected Works, vol. 1, 1954. Vernadsky, Izbrannye trudy Selected Works, vol. 1, 1954. Vernadsky, Izbrannye trudy Selected Works, vol. 1, 1954. Vernadsky, Izbrannye trudy Selected Works, vol. 1, 1954. Veselov, Maikop Strata and Their Age Correlatives in Ukraine and Middle Asia, 1964. Veselov, Maikop Strata and Their Age Correlatives in Ukraine and Middle Asia, 1964. Viginsky, The Neotectonics and Late Alpine Geodynamics of the Sea of Azov-Black Sea Region, 1997. Viginsky, The Neotectonics and Late Alpine Geodynamics of the Sea of Azov-Black Sea Region, 1997. Volvovsky, Geotektonika, v. 2, 1989. Volvovsky, Geotektonika, v. 2, 1989. Voronina, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., v. 9, 1984. Voronina, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., v. 9, 1984. Worrall, Tectonics, v. 15, no. 4, 1996., doi: 10.1029/95TC03684 Worrall, Tectonics, v. 15, no. 4, 1996., doi: 10.1029/95TC03684 Zonenshain, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 305, no. 2, 1989. Zonenshain, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 305, no. 2, 1989. Zonenshain, Oceanology, Marine Geology, The Geological History of the World Ocean, 1980. Zonenshain, Oceanology, Marine Geology, The Geological History of the World Ocean, 1980. Zonenshain, Tectonophysics, v. 123, no. 1-4, 1986. Zonenshain, Tectonophysics, v. 123, no. 1-4, 1986.