<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47165</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">A mathematical model of the crustal waveguide</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>A mathematical model of the crustal waveguide</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Karakin</surname>
       <given-names>A V</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Karakin</surname>
       <given-names>A V</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">VNIIGeosystem, Moscow, Russia</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">VNIIGeosystem, Moscow, Russia</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>3</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>277</fpage>
   <lpage>291</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-11T00:54:45+03:00">
     <day>11</day>
     <month>11</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/47165/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/47165/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>The two-layer model of the upper crust waveguide developed in Karakin, 1990a\link10;  Karakin and Kambarova, 1997\link15 is studied. The upper layer is poroelastic and the lower layer the waveguide proper can be in poroviscous or elastic dilatancy states. The model is based on the concept of two concurrent processes that are alternately active in the lower layer waveguide: dilatancy and compaction. Horizontal tectonic forces displace the upper layer relative to the lower one. As a result, the porous space in the lower layer experiences dilatancy expansion, and fluids are sucked into the waveguide from upper and lower layers. The porous structure of the waveguide is then destroyed, which is accompanied by the transition of the system into the poroviscous state. The lithostatic pressure expels the fluids upward from the waveguide. This paper is devoted to the mathematical analysis of this model. A new formulation of the boundary value problem is proposed and a wave solution of the pertinent equations is given. Self excited waves in crustal waveguides are assumed to provide the driving mechanism of the vertical fluid migration in the upper crust. This migration gives rise to oil and gas deposits if the fluid flows strike impermeable anticlinal beds traps. This model is a constituent part of the general concept of the mechanism responsible for mud volcanism. Faults cutting the traps and reaching the surface initiate the formation of mud volcanoes. Analysis of the waveguide model can provide constraints on the feeding conditions of mud volcanoes. The concept of the upper crust fluid regime proposed in the paper reconciles the hypotheses of the organic and inorganic origins of hydrocarbon accumulations. Hydrocarbon fluxes enter the crustal waveguide both from above organic origin and from below inorganic origin. These fluid fluxes are reworked in the waveguide, after which they move upward. As a result, accumulated hydrocarbons display features of different origins.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The two-layer model of the upper crust waveguide developed in Karakin, 1990a\link10;  Karakin and Kambarova, 1997\link15 is studied. The upper layer is poroelastic and the lower layer the waveguide proper can be in poroviscous or elastic dilatancy states. The model is based on the concept of two concurrent processes that are alternately active in the lower layer waveguide: dilatancy and compaction. Horizontal tectonic forces displace the upper layer relative to the lower one. As a result, the porous space in the lower layer experiences dilatancy expansion, and fluids are sucked into the waveguide from upper and lower layers. The porous structure of the waveguide is then destroyed, which is accompanied by the transition of the system into the poroviscous state. The lithostatic pressure expels the fluids upward from the waveguide. This paper is devoted to the mathematical analysis of this model. A new formulation of the boundary value problem is proposed and a wave solution of the pertinent equations is given. Self excited waves in crustal waveguides are assumed to provide the driving mechanism of the vertical fluid migration in the upper crust. This migration gives rise to oil and gas deposits if the fluid flows strike impermeable anticlinal beds traps. This model is a constituent part of the general concept of the mechanism responsible for mud volcanism. Faults cutting the traps and reaching the surface initiate the formation of mud volcanoes. Analysis of the waveguide model can provide constraints on the feeding conditions of mud volcanoes. The concept of the upper crust fluid regime proposed in the paper reconciles the hypotheses of the organic and inorganic origins of hydrocarbon accumulations. Hydrocarbon fluxes enter the crustal waveguide both from above organic origin and from below inorganic origin. These fluid fluxes are reworked in the waveguide, after which they move upward. As a result, accumulated hydrocarbons display features of different origins.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>waveguide</kwd>
    <kwd>dilatancy</kwd>
    <kwd>compaction</kwd>
    <kwd>fluids.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>waveguide</kwd>
    <kwd>dilatancy</kwd>
    <kwd>compaction</kwd>
    <kwd>fluids.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barcilon, J. Fluid Mech., v. 204, 1989., doi: 10.1017/S0022112089001680</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barcilon, J. Fluid Mech., v. 204, 1989., doi: 10.1017/S0022112089001680</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bott, The Interior of the Earth, Edward Arnold, 1971.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bott, The Interior of the Earth, Edward Arnold, 1971.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dmitrievski, Gas Industry of Russia, Digest, 2000.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dmitrievski, Gas Industry of Russia, Digest, 2000.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elsasser, J. Geophys. Res., v. 76, 1971.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elsasser, J. Geophys. Res., v. 76, 1971.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feldman, Geoelectr. Geotherm. Stud. KAPG Geophys. Monogr. Bp., 1976.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feldman, Geoelectr. Geotherm. Stud. KAPG Geophys. Monogr. Bp., 1976.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fyfe, Fluids in the Earth's Crust, 1978.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fyfe, Fluids in the Earth's Crust, 1978.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grigoryev, The Role of Water in the Earth Crust Formation Drainage Envelope of the Crust, 1971.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoryev, The Role of Water in the Earth Crust Formation Drainage Envelope of the Crust, 1971.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gutenberg, Physics of the Earth's Interiors, 1959.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutenberg, Physics of the Earth's Interiors, 1959.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakin, Mate. Model., v. 2, no. 3, 1990.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakin, Mate. Model., v. 2, no. 3, 1990.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakin, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Zemli, no. 2, 1990.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakin, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Zemli, no. 2, 1990.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakin, Fiz. Zemli, no. 12, 1999.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakin, Fiz. Zemli, no. 12, 1999.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakin, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Mekh. Zhidk. Gazov, no. 6, 1979.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakin, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Mekh. Zhidk. Gazov, no. 6, 1979.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakin, Mathematical Modeling of Geological Processes, 1993.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakin, Mathematical Modeling of Geological Processes, 1993.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakin, Geoinformatika, no. 4, 1997.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakin, Geoinformatika, no. 4, 1997.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krasnopevtseva, Geological and geophysical structural features of low-velocity zones in the crust. An Overview: Regional, Exploration and Well Logging Geophysics, 1978.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasnopevtseva, Geological and geophysical structural features of low-velocity zones in the crust. An Overview: Regional, Exploration and Well Logging Geophysics, 1978.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lobkovskii, Geodynamics of Spreading and Subduction Zones and Two-Stage Tectonics of Plates, 1988.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobkovskii, Geodynamics of Spreading and Subduction Zones and Two-Stage Tectonics of Plates, 1988.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magnitsky, Low-Velocity Zone in the Upper Mantle, 1968.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magnitsky, Low-Velocity Zone in the Upper Mantle, 1968.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McKenzie, J. Petrol., v. 25, 1984.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McKenzie, J. Petrol., v. 25, 1984.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolaevskii, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 177, no. 3, 1967.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaevskii, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 177, no. 3, 1967.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolaevskii, Prikl. Matem. Mekh., v. 36, 1971.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaevskii, Prikl. Matem. Mekh., v. 36, 1971.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolaevskii, Mechanics of Porous and Fractured Media, 1990.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaevskii, Mechanics of Porous and Fractured Media, 1990.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolaevskii, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Zemli, v. 1, 1985.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaevskii, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Zemli, v. 1, 1985.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Overdeep Kola..., Overdeep Kola Drillhole, 1984.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Overdeep Kola..., Overdeep Kola Drillhole, 1984.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peive, Priroda, no. 2, 1981.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peive, Priroda, no. 2, 1981.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ranalli, Tectonophysics, v. 132, 1987., doi: 10.1016/0040-19518790348-9</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ranalli, Tectonophysics, v. 132, 1987., doi: 10.1016/0040-19518790348-9</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rice, Mechanics of Earthquake Rupture, 1980.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rice, Mechanics of Earthquake Rupture, 1980.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seismic Models..., Seismic Models of the Lithosphere under Main Geological Structures of the USSR, 1980.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seismic Models..., Seismic Models of the Lithosphere under Main Geological Structures of the USSR, 1980.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith, Physical Geochemistry, 1968.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith, Physical Geochemistry, 1968.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tectonic..., Tectonic Stratification of the Lithosphere, 1980.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tectonic..., Tectonic Stratification of the Lithosphere, 1980.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turcotte, Geodynamics, Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems, 1982.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turcotte, Geodynamics, Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems, 1982.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B31">
    <label>31.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanyan, Crustal Anomalies of Electrical Conductivity, 1984.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanyan, Crustal Anomalies of Electrical Conductivity, 1984.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B32">
    <label>32.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanyan, Deep Electrical Conductivity of Oceans and Continents, 1983.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanyan, Deep Electrical Conductivity of Oceans and Continents, 1983.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
