Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 1681-1208 56073 10.2205/2023ES000849 AYIJKW ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ORIGINAL ARTICLES ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ Geoelectric Monitoring of Earthen Hydraulic Structure State by Resistivity and Induced Polarization Methods: Mine Water Settling Pond Dam Case Study Geoelectric Monitoring of Earthen Hydraulic Structure State by Resistivity and Induced Polarization Methods: Mine Water Settling Pond Dam Case Study https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9882-8313 Федорова Ольга Ивановна Fedorova Olga Ivanovna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1278-8002 Горшков Виталий Юрьевич Gorshkov Vitaliy Yur'evich vitalaa@yandex.ru ФГБУН Институт геофизики им. Ю. П. Булашевича УрО РАН Екатеринбург Россия Institute of Geophysics, UB of RAS Ekaterinburg Russian Federation ФГБУН Институт геофизики им. Ю. П. Булашевича УрО РАН Россия Institute of Geophysics, UB of RAS Russian Federation 10 12 2023 10 12 2023 23 4 1 17 30 12 2022 26 04 2023 https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/56073/view

In earth dams, a permanent filtration of water leads to washing out of sand-clay fraction and to a formation of soil decompression sites, which pose a danger to embankment integrity. Condition monitoring of earth hydraulic structures can be executed by geophysical methods. The article presents the results of geoelectric monitoring conducted on the dam of settling pond of mine water with high metal content. The investigations were carried out by vertical electrical soundings, including electrotomography, and by methods of induced polarization in time and frequency domains. According to the results of the electrical soundings, places of reduced soil resistivity in the dam were identified, associated with infiltration of precipitations and of water from the pond. Geoelectric monitoring showed changes of the soils resistivity in different years, depending on hydrological conditions. Induced polarization methods are sensitive to material composition of soils, such as clayiness and presence of electronically conductive minerals. It is determined that the highest content of clay is in the upper and middle parts of the embankment. In eastern part of the dam, intensive polarizability of the medium was detected. It can be caused by filtration of water, contaminated with metals, through the embankment and sedimentary rocks. Thus, by resistivity measurements, it is possible to identify areas of intensive filtration in the dam body, and induced polarization measurements make it possible to determine clay content in the soil and possible pathways of contamination through the dam, which is of great importance for studying the environmental situation of region.

In earth dams, a permanent filtration of water leads to washing out of sand-clay fraction and to a formation of soil decompression sites, which pose a danger to embankment integrity. Condition monitoring of earth hydraulic structures can be executed by geophysical methods. The article presents the results of geoelectric monitoring conducted on the dam of settling pond of mine water with high metal content. The investigations were carried out by vertical electrical soundings, including electrotomography, and by methods of induced polarization in time and frequency domains. According to the results of the electrical soundings, places of reduced soil resistivity in the dam were identified, associated with infiltration of precipitations and of water from the pond. Geoelectric monitoring showed changes of the soils resistivity in different years, depending on hydrological conditions. Induced polarization methods are sensitive to material composition of soils, such as clayiness and presence of electronically conductive minerals. It is determined that the highest content of clay is in the upper and middle parts of the embankment. In eastern part of the dam, intensive polarizability of the medium was detected. It can be caused by filtration of water, contaminated with metals, through the embankment and sedimentary rocks. Thus, by resistivity measurements, it is possible to identify areas of intensive filtration in the dam body, and induced polarization measurements make it possible to determine clay content in the soil and possible pathways of contamination through the dam, which is of great importance for studying the environmental situation of region.

 earth dam electrical soundings electrotomography resistivity frequency effect chargeability earth dam electrical soundings electrotomography resistivity frequency effect chargeability No funding No funding

Al-Oufi, A., A. Al-Malabeh, and E. Al-Tarazi (2012), Characterization of Lava Caves, Using 2D Induced Polarization Imaging, Umm Al Quttein area, in 15th International Symposium on Vulcanospleology March 15-22, 2012, pp. 71-83, The Hashemite University. Al-Oufi, A., A. Al-Malabeh, and E. Al-Tarazi (2012), Characterization of Lava Caves, Using 2D Induced Polarization Imaging, Umm Al Quttein area, in 15th International Symposium on Vulcanospleology March 15-22, 2012, pp. 71-83, The Hashemite University. Aristodemou, E., and A. Thomas-Betts (2000), DC resistivity and induced polarisation investigations at a waste disposal site and its environments, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 44(2-3), 275-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9851(99)00022-1. Aristodemou, E., and A. Thomas-Betts (2000), DC resistivity and induced polarisation investigations at a waste disposal site and its environments, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 44(2-3), 275-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9851(99)00022-1. Benjamin, M. M., and J. O. Leckie (1981), Multiple-site adsorption of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 79(1), 209-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(81)90063-1. Benjamin, M. M., and J. O. Leckie (1981), Multiple-site adsorption of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 79(1), 209-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(81)90063-1. Cahyna, F., O. Mazac, and D. Venhodova (1990), Determination of the extent of cyanide contamination by the surface geoelectric methods, Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, 2, 97-99, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560802785.2.ch9. Cahyna, F., O. Mazac, and D. Venhodova (1990), Determination of the extent of cyanide contamination by the surface geoelectric methods, Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, 2, 97-99, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560802785.2.ch9. Davydov, V. A., O. I. Fedorova, V. Y. Gorshkov, and S. V. Baydikov (2021), Assessment of state of earth dam of Elchovka settling pond by combination of electromagnetic soundings and polarization methods, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 65(2), 206-218, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-020-0114-1. Davydov, V. A., O. I. Fedorova, V. Y. Gorshkov, and S. V. Baydikov (2021), Assessment of state of earth dam of Elchovka settling pond by combination of electromagnetic soundings and polarization methods, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 65(2), 206-218, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-020-0114-1. Edwards, L. S. (1977), A modified pseudosection for resistivity and induced-polarization, Geophysics, 42(5), 1020-1036, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440762. Edwards, L. S. (1977), A modified pseudosection for resistivity and induced-polarization, Geophysics, 42(5), 1020-1036, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440762. Elokhina, S. N., and B. N. Ryzhenko (2014), Secondary mineral-forming processes in natural-anthropogenic hydro- geological systems at sulfide deposits. Simulation of the origin of the phase (Fe,Mg)SO4 · 7H2O in the course of sulfide oxidation at the Degtyarka copper sulfide deposit, Geochemistry International, 52(2), 162-177, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016702914020050. Elokhina, S. N., and B. N. Ryzhenko (2014), Secondary mineral-forming processes in natural-anthropogenic hydro- geological systems at sulfide deposits. Simulation of the origin of the phase (Fe,Mg)SO4 · 7H2O in the course of sulfide oxidation at the Degtyarka copper sulfide deposit, Geochemistry International, 52(2), 162-177, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016702914020050. Fedorova, O. I., and V. A. Davydov (2014), Diagnostics of ground water-work facilities with electric and seismic methods with the Elchevsk dam as a study case, Water sector of Russia: problems, technologies, management, 6, 51-56 (in Russian). Fedorova, O. I., and V. A. Davydov (2014), Diagnostics of ground water-work facilities with electric and seismic methods with the Elchevsk dam as a study case, Water sector of Russia: problems, technologies, management, 6, 51-56 (in Russian). Fedorova, O. I., V. A. Davydov, S. V. Baydikov, and V. Y. Gorshkov (2017), Application of geoelectrical monitoring to the study of soil dams, Geoecology. Engineering geology, hydrogeology, geocryology, 1, 84-92 (in Russian). Fedorova, O. I., V. A. Davydov, S. V. Baydikov, and V. Y. Gorshkov (2017), Application of geoelectrical monitoring to the study of soil dams, Geoecology. Engineering geology, hydrogeology, geocryology, 1, 84-92 (in Russian). Gurin, G., A. Tarasov, Y. Ilyin, and K. Titov (2013), Time domain spectral induced polarization of disseminated electronic conductors: Laboratory data analysis through the Debye decomposition approach, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 98, 44-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.07.008. Gurin, G., A. Tarasov, Y. Ilyin, and K. Titov (2013), Time domain spectral induced polarization of disseminated electronic conductors: Laboratory data analysis through the Debye decomposition approach, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 98, 44-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.07.008. Hallof, P. G. (1964), A comparison of the various parameters employed in the variable-frequency induce-polarization method, Geophysics, 29(3), 425-433, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1439376. Hallof, P. G. (1964), A comparison of the various parameters employed in the variable-frequency induce-polarization method, Geophysics, 29(3), 425-433, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1439376. Hickey, C. J., M. J. M. Römkens, R. R. Wells, and L. Wodajo (2014), Geophysical Methods for the Assessment of Earthen Dams, in Advances in Water Resources Engineering, pp. 297-359, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11023-3_7. Hickey, C. J., M. J. M. Römkens, R. R. Wells, and L. Wodajo (2014), Geophysical Methods for the Assessment of Earthen Dams, in Advances in Water Resources Engineering, pp. 297-359, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11023-3_7. Komarov, V. A. (1980), Electrical exploration by the method of induced polarization, 2nd ed., 391 pp., Nedra, Leningrad (in Russian). Komarov, V. A. (1980), Electrical exploration by the method of induced polarization, 2nd ed., 391 pp., Nedra, Leningrad (in Russian). Kulikov, V. A., N. V. Lubnina, A. Y. Palenov, and A. V. Solovieva (2018), Integrated Geophysical Works on the Kozlovka Anomaly (Kaluga Region), Moscow University Geology Bulletin, 73(3), 312-319, https://doi.org/10.3103/s0145875218030055. Kulikov, V. A., N. V. Lubnina, A. Y. Palenov, and A. V. Solovieva (2018), Integrated Geophysical Works on the Kozlovka Anomaly (Kaluga Region), Moscow University Geology Bulletin, 73(3), 312-319, https://doi.org/10.3103/s0145875218030055. Loke, M. H., I. Acworth, and T. Dahlin (2003), A comparison of smooth and blocky inversion methods in 2D electrical imaging surveys, Exploration Geophysics, 34(3), 182-187, https://doi.org/10.1071/eg03182. Loke, M. H., I. Acworth, and T. Dahlin (2003), A comparison of smooth and blocky inversion methods in 2D electrical imaging surveys, Exploration Geophysics, 34(3), 182-187, https://doi.org/10.1071/eg03182. Loperte, A., F. Soldovieri, A. Palombo, F. Santini, and V. Lapenna (2016), An integrated geophysical approach for water infiltration detection and characterization at Monte Cotugno rock-fill dam (southern Italy), Engineering Geology, 211, 162-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.07.005. Loperte, A., F. Soldovieri, A. Palombo, F. Santini, and V. Lapenna (2016), An integrated geophysical approach for water infiltration detection and characterization at Monte Cotugno rock-fill dam (southern Italy), Engineering Geology, 211, 162-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.07.005. Lukashevich, O. D., and N. T. Usova (2018), Iron sludge sorbing agent for sewage purification from heavy metal ions, Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, (1), 148-159, https://doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2018-20-1-148-159. Lukashevich, O. D., and N. T. Usova (2018), Iron sludge sorbing agent for sewage purification from heavy metal ions, Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, (1), 148-159, https://doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2018-20-1-148-159. Marshall, D. J., and T. R. Madden (1959), Induced Polarization, a Study of Its Causes, Geophysics, 24(4), 790-816, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438659. Marshall, D. J., and T. R. Madden (1959), Induced Polarization, a Study of Its Causes, Geophysics, 24(4), 790-816, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438659. Martínez-Moreno, F. J., F. Delgado-Ramos, J. Galindo-Zaldívar, W. Martín-Rosales, M. López-Chicano, and L. González- Castillo (2018), Identification of leakage and potential areas for internal erosion combining ERT and IP techniques at the Negratin Dam left abutment (Granada, southern Spain), Engineering Geology, 240, 74-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.04.012. Martínez-Moreno, F. J., F. Delgado-Ramos, J. Galindo-Zaldívar, W. Martín-Rosales, M. López-Chicano, and L. González- Castillo (2018), Identification of leakage and potential areas for internal erosion combining ERT and IP techniques at the Negratin Dam left abutment (Granada, southern Spain), Engineering Geology, 240, 74-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.04.012. Nthaba, B., E. M. Shemang, E. A. Atekwana, and A. T. Selepeng (2020), Investigating the Earth Fill Embankment of the Lotsane Dam for Internal Defects Using Time-lapse Resistivity Imaging and Frequency Domain Electromagnetics, Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 25(3), 325-339, https://doi.org/10.32389/jeeg19-057. Nthaba, B., E. M. Shemang, E. A. Atekwana, and A. T. Selepeng (2020), Investigating the Earth Fill Embankment of the Lotsane Dam for Internal Defects Using Time-lapse Resistivity Imaging and Frequency Domain Electromagnetics, Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 25(3), 325-339, https://doi.org/10.32389/jeeg19-057. Panthulu, T. V., C. Krishnaiah, and J. M. Shirke (2001), Detection of seepage paths in earth dams using self-potential and electrical resistivity methods, Engineering Geology, 59(3-4), 281-295, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(00)00082-x. Panthulu, T. V., C. Krishnaiah, and J. M. Shirke (2001), Detection of seepage paths in earth dams using self-potential and electrical resistivity methods, Engineering Geology, 59(3-4), 281-295, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(00)00082-x. Pavlyuk, A. V., A. P. Sergeev, A. G. Buevich, A. V. Shichkin, N. A. Podkorytov, A. N. Bukharov, and I. V. Zauzolkov (2011), Experimental estimation of pond-sediment bowl effective capacity on the example of elchevsky water basin, Izvestia of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13(1 (8)), 2073-2076 (in Russian). Pavlyuk, A. V., A. P. Sergeev, A. G. Buevich, A. V. Shichkin, N. A. Podkorytov, A. N. Bukharov, and I. V. Zauzolkov (2011), Experimental estimation of pond-sediment bowl effective capacity on the example of elchevsky water basin, Izvestia of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13(1 (8)), 2073-2076 (in Russian). Rozycki, A., J. M. R. Fonticiella, and A. Cuadra (2006), Detection and evaluation of horizontal fractures in earth dams using the self-potential method, Engineering Geology, 82(3), 145-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.09.013. Rozycki, A., J. M. R. Fonticiella, and A. Cuadra (2006), Detection and evaluation of horizontal fractures in earth dams using the self-potential method, Engineering Geology, 82(3), 145-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.09.013. Rybnikova, L. S., and P. A. Rybnikov (2016), Formation of potable groundwater deposits developed by drainage systems in the mountain-fold urals, Water Resources, 43(7), 934-947, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0097807816070113. Rybnikova, L. S., and P. A. Rybnikov (2016), Formation of potable groundwater deposits developed by drainage systems in the mountain-fold urals, Water Resources, 43(7), 934-947, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0097807816070113. Sentenac, P., V. Benes, and H. Keenan (2018), Reservoir assessment using non-invasive geophysical techniques, Environ- mental Earth Sciences, 77(7), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7463-x. Sentenac, P., V. Benes, and H. Keenan (2018), Reservoir assessment using non-invasive geophysical techniques, Environ- mental Earth Sciences, 77(7), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7463-x. Slater, L. D., and D. Lesmes (2002), IP interpretation in environmental investigations, Geophysics, 67(1), 77-88, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1451353. Slater, L. D., and D. Lesmes (2002), IP interpretation in environmental investigations, Geophysics, 67(1), 77-88, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1451353. Soueid Ahmed, A., A. Revil, F. Abdulsamad, B. Steck, C. Vergniault, and V. Guihard (2020a), Induced polarization as a tool to non-intrusively characterize embankment hydraulic properties, Engineering Geology, 271, 105604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105604. Soueid Ahmed, A., A. Revil, F. Abdulsamad, B. Steck, C. Vergniault, and V. Guihard (2020a), Induced polarization as a tool to non-intrusively characterize embankment hydraulic properties, Engineering Geology, 271, 105604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105604. Soueid Ahmed, A., A. Revil, A. Bolève, B. Steck, C. Vergniault, J. R. Courivaud, D. Jougnot, and M. Abbas (2020b), Determination of the permeability of seepage flow paths in dams from self-potential measurements, Engineering Geology, 268, 105514, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105514. Soueid Ahmed, A., A. Revil, A. Bolève, B. Steck, C. Vergniault, J. R. Courivaud, D. Jougnot, and M. Abbas (2020b), Determination of the permeability of seepage flow paths in dams from self-potential measurements, Engineering Geology, 268, 105514, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105514. Sparrenbom, C. J., S. Åkesson, S. Johansson, D. Hagerberg, and T. Dahlin (2017), Investigation of chlorinated solvent pollution with resistivity and induced polarization, Science of The Total Environment, 575, 767-778, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.117. Sparrenbom, C. J., S. Åkesson, S. Johansson, D. Hagerberg, and T. Dahlin (2017), Investigation of chlorinated solvent pollution with resistivity and induced polarization, Science of The Total Environment, 575, 767-778, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.117. Ulitin, R. V., I. E. Gavrilova, Y. B. Petukhova, O. I. Fedorova, and R. L. Kharus (2000), Geoelectrics for the solution of geoecological and geotechnical problems, in Theory and Practice of Geoelectric Studies: collection of scientific papers, vol. 2, pp. 84-98, UB RAS, Ekaterinburg (in Russian). Ulitin, R. V., I. E. Gavrilova, Y. B. Petukhova, O. I. Fedorova, and R. L. Kharus (2000), Geoelectrics for the solution of geoecological and geotechnical problems, in Theory and Practice of Geoelectric Studies: collection of scientific papers, vol. 2, pp. 84-98, UB RAS, Ekaterinburg (in Russian). Zadorozhnaya, V. Y. (2011), Polarization properties of sedimentary rocks and ores: physical processes, mathematical modeling, and laboratory measurements, in Materials of the Fifth All-Russia School-Seminar of Berdichevskii MN and Vanyan LL, pp. 256-259, SPbGU. Zadorozhnaya, V. Y. (2011), Polarization properties of sedimentary rocks and ores: physical processes, mathematical modeling, and laboratory measurements, in Materials of the Fifth All-Russia School-Seminar of Berdichevskii MN and Vanyan LL, pp. 256-259, SPbGU. Zhao, G. (2011), Sorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions: A Review, The Open Colloid Science Journal, 4(1), 19-31, https://doi.org/10.2174/1876530001104010019. Zhao, G. (2011), Sorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions: A Review, The Open Colloid Science Journal, 4(1), 19-31, https://doi.org/10.2174/1876530001104010019.