Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 1681-1208 56813 10.2205/2023ES000864 aqpssl ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ORIGINAL ARTICLES ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ New Data on the Mineral and Geochemical Composition of Bottom Sediments in the Tanatar Soda Lakes (Kulunda Plain, Russia) New Data on the Mineral and Geochemical Composition of Bottom Sediments in the Tanatar Soda Lakes (Kulunda Plain, Russia) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4920-8860 Овдина Екатерина Андреевна Ovdina Ekaterina Andreevna ovdina@igm.nsc.ru

кандидат геолого-минералогических наук;

candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences;

 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1350-2045 Страховенко Вера Дмитриевна Strakhovenko Vera Dmitrievna strahova@igm.nsc.ru

доктор геолого-минералогических наук;

doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences;

 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-4171 Малов Георгий Игоревич Malov Georgy Igorevich malovgi@igm.nsc.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2175-3971 Малов Виктор Игоревич Malov Viktor Igorevich malov@igm.nsc.ru

кандидат геолого-минералогических наук;

candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences;

 Солотчина Эмилия Павловна Solotchina Emilia Pavlovna

доктор геолого-минералогических наук;

doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences;

 Институт геологии и минералогии им. В.С.Соболева СО РАН Новосибирск Россия Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk Russian Federation Институт геологии и минералогии им. В.С.Соболева СО РАН Новосибирск Россия Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk Russian Federation Институт геологии и минералогии им. В.С.Соболева СО РАН Новосибирск Россия Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk Russian Federation Институт геологии и минералогии им. В.С.Соболева СО РАН Новосибирск Россия Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk Russian Federation Институт геологии и минералогии им. В.С.Соболева СО РАН Новосибирск Россия Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk Russian Federation 15 12 2023 15 12 2023 23 5 1 14 24 01 2023 20 07 2023 https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/56813/view

The lakes of the Kulunda plain have long attracted the attention of researchers. A detailed 10 geochemical testing of a chain of four small soda lakes of the Tanatar group allowed answering a 11 number of questions. We used a complex of modern methods of mineralogy and geochemistry to 12 update and add new data on the main phases of bottom sediments. The studied lakes have a pH ≥ 8 13 and a TDS of 2.1–41.5 g/L and a soda water composition. It has been established that over the 14 past ∼ 100 years there has been no change in the mineral composition of bottom sediments. The 15 main phases of the bottom sediments consist of intermediate and high – Mg calcite and Ca-excess 16 dolomite. Magnesite is presented only as a small impurity. The formation and accumulation of these 17 minerals occur throughout the core of bottom sediments. According to received data, a change in the 18 hydrological regime of the catchment area was established. The feeding regime of the lakes has been 19 changed because of the drying up of the Rublevaya River.

The lakes of the Kulunda plain have long attracted the attention of researchers. A detailed 10 geochemical testing of a chain of four small soda lakes of the Tanatar group allowed answering a 11 number of questions. We used a complex of modern methods of mineralogy and geochemistry to 12 update and add new data on the main phases of bottom sediments. The studied lakes have a pH ≥ 8 13 and a TDS of 2.1–41.5 g/L and a soda water composition. It has been established that over the 14 past ∼ 100 years there has been no change in the mineral composition of bottom sediments. The 15 main phases of the bottom sediments consist of intermediate and high – Mg calcite and Ca-excess 16 dolomite. Magnesite is presented only as a small impurity. The formation and accumulation of these 17 minerals occur throughout the core of bottom sediments. According to received data, a change in the 18 hydrological regime of the catchment area was established. The feeding regime of the lakes has been 19 changed because of the drying up of the Rublevaya River.

 small soda lakes bottom sediments high-magnesium carbonates Ca-excess dolomite Tanatar lakes Kulunda plain small soda lakes bottom sediments high-magnesium carbonates Ca-excess dolomite Tanatar lakes Kulunda plain Work is done on state assignment of IGM SB RAS (№ 122041400193-7) with funding from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. The authors are grateful to the anonymous Reviewers for the insightful comments and valuable improvements to our paper. Work is done on state assignment of IGM SB RAS (№ 122041400193-7) with funding from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. The authors are grateful to the anonymous Reviewers for the insightful comments and valuable improvements to our paper.

Bartosiewicz, M., I. Laurion, and S. MacIntyre (2015), Greenhouse gas emission and storage in a small shallow lake, Hydrobiologia, 757(1), 101-115, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2240-2. Bartosiewicz, M., I. Laurion, and S. MacIntyre (2015), Greenhouse gas emission and storage in a small shallow lake, Hydrobiologia, 757(1), 101-115, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2240-2. Borzenko, S. V. (2020), Principal Parameters Controlling Water Composition in Saline and Brackish Lakes in Eastern Transbaikalia, Geochemistry International, 58(12), 1356-1373, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016702920090037. Borzenko, S. V. (2020), Principal Parameters Controlling Water Composition in Saline and Brackish Lakes in Eastern Transbaikalia, Geochemistry International, 58(12), 1356-1373, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016702920090037. Chagas, A. A. P., G. E. Webb, R. V. Burne, and G. Southam (2016), Modern lacustrine microbialites: Towards a synthesis of aqueous and carbonate geochemistry and mineralogy, Earth-Science Reviews, 162, 338-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.earscirev.2016.09.012. Chagas, A. A. P., G. E. Webb, R. V. Burne, and G. Southam (2016), Modern lacustrine microbialites: Towards a synthesis of aqueous and carbonate geochemistry and mineralogy, Earth-Science Reviews, 162, 338-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.earscirev.2016.09.012. Deelman, J. C. (2011), Low-temperature formation of dolomite and magnesite, Compact Disc Publications, Geology Series, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Deelman, J. C. (2011), Low-temperature formation of dolomite and magnesite, Compact Disc Publications, Geology Series, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Fussmann, D., A. J. E. von Hoyningen-Huene, A. Reimer, D. Schneider, H. Babková, R. Peticzka, A. Maier, G. Arp, R. Daniel, and P. Meister (2020), Authigenic formation of Ca-Mg carbonates in the shallow alkaline Lake Neusiedl, Austria, Biogeosciences, 17(7), 2085-2106, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2085-2020. Fussmann, D., A. J. E. von Hoyningen-Huene, A. Reimer, D. Schneider, H. Babková, R. Peticzka, A. Maier, G. Arp, R. Daniel, and P. Meister (2020), Authigenic formation of Ca-Mg carbonates in the shallow alkaline Lake Neusiedl, Austria, Biogeosciences, 17(7), 2085-2106, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2085-2020. Galbarczyk-Gąsiorowska, L., M. Gąsiorowski, and K. Szeroczyńska (2009), Reconstruction of human influence during the last two centuries on two small oxbow lakes near Warsaw (Poland), Hydrobiologia, 631(1), 173-183, https://doi.org/10 .1007/s10750-009-9809-6. Galbarczyk-Gąsiorowska, L., M. Gąsiorowski, and K. Szeroczyńska (2009), Reconstruction of human influence during the last two centuries on two small oxbow lakes near Warsaw (Poland), Hydrobiologia, 631(1), 173-183, https://doi.org/10 .1007/s10750-009-9809-6. Gas’kova, O. L., V. D. Strakhovenko, and E. A. Ovdina (2017), Composition of brines and mineral zoning of the bottom sediments of soda lakes in the Kulunda steppe (West Siberia), Russian Geology and Geophysics, 58(10), 1199-1210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2016.09.034. Gas’kova, O. L., V. D. Strakhovenko, and E. A. Ovdina (2017), Composition of brines and mineral zoning of the bottom sediments of soda lakes in the Kulunda steppe (West Siberia), Russian Geology and Geophysics, 58(10), 1199-1210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2016.09.034. Gavshin, V. M., B. L. Scherbov, M. S. Melgunov, V. D. Strakhovenko, V. A. Bobrov, and V. M. Tsibulchik (1999), 137Cs and 210Pb in lake sediments of the Steppe Altai as indicators of the dynamics of the anthropogenic changes in the geochemical background during the XX century, Russian Geology and Geophysics, pp. 1331-1341. Gavshin, V. M., B. L. Scherbov, M. S. Melgunov, V. D. Strakhovenko, V. A. Bobrov, and V. M. Tsibulchik (1999), 137Cs and 210Pb in lake sediments of the Steppe Altai as indicators of the dynamics of the anthropogenic changes in the geochemical background during the XX century, Russian Geology and Geophysics, pp. 1331-1341. Hammer, U. T. (1986), Saline lake ecosystems of the world, Springer Dordrecht. Hammer, U. T. (1986), Saline lake ecosystems of the world, Springer Dordrecht. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC) (1999), World Lake Database, https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC) (1999), World Lake Database, https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/. Ivanov, P. V. (1948), Classification of lakes of the world by size and by their average depth, Bulletin of LSU, 20, 29-36 (in Russian). Ivanov, P. V. (1948), Classification of lakes of the world by size and by their average depth, Bulletin of LSU, 20, 29-36 (in Russian). Izmailova, A. V., and N. Y. Korneenkova (2020), Lake Area Percentage in Russian Federation Territory and Its Governing Factors, Water Resources, 47(1), 13-21, https://doi.org/10.1134/s009780782001008x. Izmailova, A. V., and N. Y. Korneenkova (2020), Lake Area Percentage in Russian Federation Territory and Its Governing Factors, Water Resources, 47(1), 13-21, https://doi.org/10.1134/s009780782001008x. Kelts, K., and K. J. Hsü (1978), Freshwater Carbonate Sedimentation, in Lakes, pp. 295-323, Springer New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1152-3_9. Kelts, K., and K. J. Hsü (1978), Freshwater Carbonate Sedimentation, in Lakes, pp. 295-323, Springer New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1152-3_9. Kharlamova, N. F. (2019), Climatic Variability of the Kulunda Steppe, in KULUNDA: Climate Smart Agriculture, pp. 19-32, Springer International Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15927-6_3. Kharlamova, N. F. (2019), Climatic Variability of the Kulunda Steppe, in KULUNDA: Climate Smart Agriculture, pp. 19-32, Springer International Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15927-6_3. Kolpakova, M. N., S. L. Shvartsev, S. V. Borzenko, V. P. Isupov, and S. S. Shatskaya (2016), Geochemical features of Kulunda plain lakes (Altay region, Russia), IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 33, 012,007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/33/1/012007. Kolpakova, M. N., S. L. Shvartsev, S. V. Borzenko, V. P. Isupov, and S. S. Shatskaya (2016), Geochemical features of Kulunda plain lakes (Altay region, Russia), IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 33, 012,007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/33/1/012007. Kompantseva, E. I., A. V. Komova, I. I. Rusanov, N. V. Pimenov, and D. Y. Sorokin (2009), Primary production of organic matter and phototrophic communities in the soda lakes of the Kulunda steppe (Altai krai), Microbiology, 78(5), 643-649, https://doi.org/10.1134/S002626170905018X. Kompantseva, E. I., A. V. Komova, I. I. Rusanov, N. V. Pimenov, and D. Y. Sorokin (2009), Primary production of organic matter and phototrophic communities in the soda lakes of the Kulunda steppe (Altai krai), Microbiology, 78(5), 643-649, https://doi.org/10.1134/S002626170905018X. Korde, N. V. (1969), Biostratigraphy and typology of Russian sapropels, Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow (in Russian). Korde, N. V. (1969), Biostratigraphy and typology of Russian sapropels, Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow (in Russian). Kurlov, M. G. (1928), Classification of Siberian healing mineral waters, Publishing House of the Physiotherapy Institute in Tomsk, Tomsk (in Russian). Kurlov, M. G. (1928), Classification of Siberian healing mineral waters, Publishing House of the Physiotherapy Institute in Tomsk, Tomsk (in Russian). Kurnakov, N. S. (Ed.) (1935), Kulunda Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences 1931-1933. Part 3: Study of the soil-geomorphological cycle, Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian). Kurnakov, N. S. (Ed.) (1935), Kulunda Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences 1931-1933. Part 3: Study of the soil-geomorphological cycle, Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian). Last, F. M., W. M. Last, and N. M. Halden (2012), Modern and late Holocene dolomite formation: Manito Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada, Sedimentary Geology, 281, 222-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.09.012. Last, F. M., W. M. Last, and N. M. Halden (2012), Modern and late Holocene dolomite formation: Manito Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada, Sedimentary Geology, 281, 222-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.09.012. Lebedeva (Verba), M. P., O. V. Lopukhina, and N. V. Kalinina (2008), Specificity of the chemical and mineralogical composition of salts in solonchak playas and lakes of the Kulunda steppe, Eurasian Soil Science, 41(4), 416-428, https://doi.org/10.1134/s106422930804008x. Lebedeva (Verba), M. P., O. V. Lopukhina, and N. V. Kalinina (2008), Specificity of the chemical and mineralogical composition of salts in solonchak playas and lakes of the Kulunda steppe, Eurasian Soil Science, 41(4), 416-428, https://doi.org/10.1134/s106422930804008x. Lein, A. Y., N. A. Belyaev, M. D. Kravchishina, A. S. Savvichev, M. V. Ivanov, and A. P. Lisitsyn (2011), Isotopic markers of organic matter transformation at the water-sediment geochemical boundary, Doklady Earth Sciences, 436(1), 83-87, https://doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x11010156. Lein, A. Y., N. A. Belyaev, M. D. Kravchishina, A. S. Savvichev, M. V. Ivanov, and A. P. Lisitsyn (2011), Isotopic markers of organic matter transformation at the water-sediment geochemical boundary, Doklady Earth Sciences, 436(1), 83-87, https://doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x11010156. Nikol’skaya, Y. P. (1961), Processes of salt formation in lakes and waters of the Kulunda steppe, Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk (in Russian). Nikol’skaya, Y. P. (1961), Processes of salt formation in lakes and waters of the Kulunda steppe, Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk (in Russian). Ovdina, E., V. Strakhovenko, and E. Solotchina (2020), Authigenic Carbonates in the Water-Biota-Bottom Sediments’ System of Small Lakes (South of Western Siberia), Minerals, 10(6), 552, https://doi.org/10.3390/min10060552. Ovdina, E., V. Strakhovenko, and E. Solotchina (2020), Authigenic Carbonates in the Water-Biota-Bottom Sediments’ System of Small Lakes (South of Western Siberia), Minerals, 10(6), 552, https://doi.org/10.3390/min10060552. Samylina, O. S., F. V. Sapozhnikov, O. Y. Gainanova, A. V. Ryabova, M. A. Nikitin, and D. Y. Sorokin (2014), Algo- bacterial communities of the Kulunda steppe (Altai Region, Russia) Soda Lakes, Microbiology, 83(6), 849-860, https: //doi.org/10.1134/S0026261714060162. Samylina, O. S., F. V. Sapozhnikov, O. Y. Gainanova, A. V. Ryabova, M. A. Nikitin, and D. Y. Sorokin (2014), Algo- bacterial communities of the Kulunda steppe (Altai Region, Russia) Soda Lakes, Microbiology, 83(6), 849-860, https: //doi.org/10.1134/S0026261714060162. Sapozhnikov, P. V., O. Y. Kalinina, M. A. Nikitin, and O. S. Samylina (2016), Cenoses of phototrophic algae of ultrasaline lakes in the Kulunda steppe (Altai krai, Russian Federation), Oceanology, 56(1), 95-106, https://doi.org/10.1134/S000 1437016010173. Sapozhnikov, P. V., O. Y. Kalinina, M. A. Nikitin, and O. S. Samylina (2016), Cenoses of phototrophic algae of ultrasaline lakes in the Kulunda steppe (Altai krai, Russian Federation), Oceanology, 56(1), 95-106, https://doi.org/10.1134/S000 1437016010173. Savchenko, N. V. (1997), Lakes of the Southern Plains of Western Siberia, Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk (in Russian). Savchenko, N. V. (1997), Lakes of the Southern Plains of Western Siberia, Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk (in Russian). Solotchin, P. A., E. V. Sklyarov, E. P. Solotchina, and Y. N. Markova (2017), Carbonate sedimentation in shallow saline lakes of Western Transbaikalia: The response to Holocene climate changes, Doklady Earth Sciences, 473(2), 461-466, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X17040213. Solotchin, P. A., E. V. Sklyarov, E. P. Solotchina, and Y. N. Markova (2017), Carbonate sedimentation in shallow saline lakes of Western Transbaikalia: The response to Holocene climate changes, Doklady Earth Sciences, 473(2), 461-466, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X17040213. Solotchina, E. P., and P. A. Solotchin (2014), Composition and structure of low-temperature natural carbonates of the calcite-dolomite series, Journal of Structural Chemistry, 55(4), 779-785, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0022476614040295. Solotchina, E. P., and P. A. Solotchin (2014), Composition and structure of low-temperature natural carbonates of the calcite-dolomite series, Journal of Structural Chemistry, 55(4), 779-785, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0022476614040295. Solotchina, E. P., M. I. Kuzmin, P. A. Solotchin, A. E. Maltsev, G. A. Leonova, and I. V. Danilenko (2019), Authigenic Carbonates from Holocene Sediments of Lake Itkul (South of West Siberia) as Indicators of Climate Changes, Doklady Earth Sciences, 487(1), 745-750, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X19070079. Solotchina, E. P., M. I. Kuzmin, P. A. Solotchin, A. E. Maltsev, G. A. Leonova, and I. V. Danilenko (2019), Authigenic Carbonates from Holocene Sediments of Lake Itkul (South of West Siberia) as Indicators of Climate Changes, Doklady Earth Sciences, 487(1), 745-750, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X19070079. Sorokin, D. Y., B. Abbas, M. Geleijnse, N. V. Pimenov, M. V. Sukhacheva, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht (2015), Methano- genesis at extremely haloalkaline conditions in the soda lakes of Kulunda Steppe (Altai, Russia), FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 91(4), https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiv016. Sorokin, D. Y., B. Abbas, M. Geleijnse, N. V. Pimenov, M. V. Sukhacheva, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht (2015), Methano- genesis at extremely haloalkaline conditions in the soda lakes of Kulunda Steppe (Altai, Russia), FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 91(4), https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiv016. Stankevica, K., Z. Vincevica-Gaile, M. Klavins, L. Kalnina, N. Stivrins, I. Grudzinska, and E. Kaup (2020), Accumulation of metals and changes in composition of freshwater lake organic sediments during the Holocene, Chemical Geology, 539, 119,502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119502. Stankevica, K., Z. Vincevica-Gaile, M. Klavins, L. Kalnina, N. Stivrins, I. Grudzinska, and E. Kaup (2020), Accumulation of metals and changes in composition of freshwater lake organic sediments during the Holocene, Chemical Geology, 539, 119,502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119502. Strakhov, N. M. (1951), Calcareous-dolomite facies of modern and ancient reservoirs, Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow (in Russian). Strakhov, N. M. (1951), Calcareous-dolomite facies of modern and ancient reservoirs, Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow (in Russian). Strakhovenko, V. D., B. L. Shcherbov, I. N. Malikova, and Y. S. Vosel’ (2010), The regularities of distribution of ra- dionuclides and rare-earth elements in bottom sediments of Siberian lakes, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 51(11), 1167-1178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2010.10.002. Strakhovenko, V. D., B. L. Shcherbov, I. N. Malikova, and Y. S. Vosel’ (2010), The regularities of distribution of ra- dionuclides and rare-earth elements in bottom sediments of Siberian lakes, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 51(11), 1167-1178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2010.10.002. Strakhovenko, V. D., O. P. Taran, and N. I. Ermolaeva (2014), Geochemical characteristics of the sapropel sediments of small lakes in the Ob’-Irtysh interfluve, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 55(10), 1160-1169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rgg.2014.09.002. Strakhovenko, V. D., O. P. Taran, and N. I. Ermolaeva (2014), Geochemical characteristics of the sapropel sediments of small lakes in the Ob’-Irtysh interfluve, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 55(10), 1160-1169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rgg.2014.09.002. Strakhovenko, V. D., E. P. Solotchina, Y. S. Vosel’, and P. A. Solotchin (2015), Geochemical factors for endogenic mineral formation in the bottom sediments of the Tazheran lakes (Baikal area), Russian Geology and Geophysics, 56(10), 1437-1450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2015.09.006. Strakhovenko, V. D., E. P. Solotchina, Y. S. Vosel’, and P. A. Solotchin (2015), Geochemical factors for endogenic mineral formation in the bottom sediments of the Tazheran lakes (Baikal area), Russian Geology and Geophysics, 56(10), 1437-1450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2015.09.006. Strakhovenko, V. D., E. A. Ovdina, G. I. Malov, N. I. Yermolaeva, E. Y. Zarubina, O. P. Taran, and V. V. Boltenkov (2019), Genesis of Organomineral Deposits in Lakes of the Central Part of the Baraba Lowland (South of West Siberia), Russian Geology and Geophysics, 60(9), 978-989, https://doi.org/10.15372/rgg2019093. Strakhovenko, V. D., E. A. Ovdina, G. I. Malov, N. I. Yermolaeva, E. Y. Zarubina, O. P. Taran, and V. V. Boltenkov (2019), Genesis of Organomineral Deposits in Lakes of the Central Part of the Baraba Lowland (South of West Siberia), Russian Geology and Geophysics, 60(9), 978-989, https://doi.org/10.15372/rgg2019093. Vernadsky, V. I. (1927), History of minerals of the Earth’s crust, Scientific chemical and technical publishing house, Leningrad (in Russian). Vernadsky, V. I. (1927), History of minerals of the Earth’s crust, Scientific chemical and technical publishing house, Leningrad (in Russian). Wedepohl, K. H. (1995), The composition of the continental crust, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), 1217-1232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2. Wedepohl, K. H. (1995), The composition of the continental crust, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), 1217-1232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2. Zavarzin, G. A., and T. N. Zhilina (2000), Soda lakes as a natural model of the ancient biosphere, Priroda, 2, 44-55 (in Russian). Zavarzin, G. A., and T. N. Zhilina (2000), Soda lakes as a natural model of the ancient biosphere, Priroda, 2, 44-55 (in Russian). Zheng, M. (2014), Saline lakes and salt basin deposits in China, Science Press, Beijing. Zheng, M. (2014), Saline lakes and salt basin deposits in China, Science Press, Beijing.