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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6a9c160832807fdbab870825</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2026es001139</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">hlxpxi</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">YOLO-Based Fracture Detection on Electrical Borehole Microimager Data with a Semi-Synthetic Training Set: Case Study at Utah FORGE</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Выделение трещин по данным электрического скважинного микроимиджера на основе нейросети YOLO и полусинтетической обучающей выборки на примере полигона Utah FORGE</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7554-7460</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Архипов</surname>
       <given-names>Николай Дмитриевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Arhipov</surname>
       <given-names>Nikolay Dmitrievich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>cherrykolya@mail.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский физико-технический институт</institution>
     <city xml:lang="ru">Долгопрудный</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="ru">Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University)</institution>
     <city xml:lang="en">Dolgoprudnyy</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="en">Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-30T21:00:00+00:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-30T21:00:00+00:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>26</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <elocation-id>ES3015</elocation-id>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-06T21:00:00+00:00">
     <day>06</day>
     <month>12</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-06T21:00:00+00:00">
     <day>06</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2026 Архипов Н.Д.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2026 Arhipov N.D.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Архипов Николай Дмитриевич</copyright-holder>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Arhipov Nikolay Dmitrievich</copyright-holder>
   </permissions>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/publications/6a9c160832807fdbab870825/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/publications/6a9c160832807fdbab870825/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Оценка естественной трещиноватости горных пород по данным электрического скважинного микроимиджера (Fullbore Formation MicroImager, FMI) представляет собой важную задачу резервуарной геомеханики, исследований трудноизвлекаемых запасов углеводородов и характеристики геотермальных систем. Вместе с тем ручная разметка трещин на FMI-изображениях трудоёмка и существенно зависит от опыта интерпретатора, тогда как существующие алгоритмы автоматизации – градиентные операторы, преобразование Хаффа и свёрточные нейронные сети, опробованные преимущественно на акустических имиджерах, – недостаточно устойчивы к шумам и типичным для электрических микроимиджеров вертикальным артефактам. Цель работы – разработать устойчивый подход автоматического обнаружения трещин на FMI-изображениях средствами глубокого обучения. Основу алгоритма составляет нейросеть YOLOv11s, адаптированная к выделению протяжённых и пересекающихся синусоидальных структур. Для преодоления типичного для геофизических задач дефицита размеченных данных сформирован полусинтетический обучающий набор: на 154 реальных FMI-изображениях скважины 78B-32 полигона Utah FORGE накладывались параметрически генерируемые синусоидальные трещины, что позволило получить 2140 обучающих и 310 валидационных изображений (всего 8406 экземпляров трещин); независимая проверка проведена на 110 реальных изображениях, размеченных экспертом. На валидационной выборке модель показала следующие значения: Precision = 0,85, Recall = 0,78, mAP@50 = 0,807. Для реальных данных при восстановлении параметров синусоидальных аппроксимаций трещин получены Precision = 0,46 и F1 = 0,296, что более чем втрое превышает показатели опорного алгоритма на основе детектора границ DexiNed (Precision = 0,153, F1 = 0,155). Результаты исследования подтверждают применимость подхода с обучением на полусинтетических данных к задачам интерпретации FMI-изображений.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The assessment of natural rock fracturing from electrical borehole microimager (Fullbore Formation MicroImager, FMI) data is an important task of reservoir geomechanics, unconventional hydrocarbon exploration, and the characterization of geothermal systems. At the same time, manual fracture picking on FMI images is labor-intensive and depends substantially on the interpreter’s experience, whereas existing automated algorithms – gradient operators, the Hough transform, and convolutional neural networks tested primarily on acoustic imagers – lack robustness to noise and to the vertical artifacts typical of electrical microimagers. The aim of this work is to develop a robust methodology for automatic fracture detection on FMI images by means of deep learning. The proposed algorithm is built around a YOLOv11s neural network adapted to the detection of elongated and intersecting sinusoidal structures. To overcome the shortage of labeled data that is typical of geophysical tasks, a semi-synthetic training set was constructed: parametrically generated sinusoidal fractures were superimposed on 154 real FMI images from well 78B-32 of the Utah FORGE site, which yielded 2140 training and 310 validation images (8406 fracture instances in total); independent verification was performed on 110 real images labeled by an expert. On the validation set, the model achieved Precision = 0.85, Recall = 0.78, and mAP@50 = 0.807. On real data, the recovery of sinusoidal fracture-approximation parameters yielded Precision = 0.46 and F1 = 0.296, more than three times the values of the baseline edgedetection algorithm based on DexiNed (Precision = 0.153, F1 = 0.155). These results confirm the applicability of the semi-synthetic-training approach to FMI image interpretation tasks.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>микроимиджер</kwd>
    <kwd>выделение границ</kwd>
    <kwd>глубокое обучение</kwd>
    <kwd>FMI</kwd>
    <kwd>машинное обучение</kwd>
    <kwd>автоматическая детекция трещин</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>microimager</kwd>
    <kwd>edge detection</kwd>
    <kwd>DL</kwd>
    <kwd>fullbore microimager</kwd>
    <kwd>FMI</kwd>
    <kwd>machine learning</kwd>
    <kwd>deep learning</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Автор выражает благодарность администраторам сайта https://gdr. openei.org/ за предоставление доступа к данным, использованным в данном исследовании. Автор также благодарит своего научного руководителя, академика РАН, доктора физико-математических наук С. А. Тихоцкого, за ценные рекомендации и консультации при проведении исследования и подготовке публикации.</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The author thanks the administrators of the website https://gdr.openei.org/ for providing access to the data used in this study. The author also thanks her supervisor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences S. A. Tikhotsky, for valuable recommendations and consultations during the research and preparation of this publication.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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