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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">95286</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2025es001021</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">okdyjg</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Generation of Nonlinear Internal Waves by the Transcritical Flow in the Kara Gates Strait</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Генерация нелинейных внутренних волн в транскритическом режиме в проливе Карские Ворота</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4650-0479</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Копышов</surname>
       <given-names>Илья Олегович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kopyshov</surname>
       <given-names>Ilya Olegovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>kopyshov.io@phystech.edu</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-8956</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Козлов</surname>
       <given-names>Игорь Евгеньевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kozlov</surname>
       <given-names>Igor E</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1662-6385</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Зимин</surname>
       <given-names>Алексей Вадимович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Zimin</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksey Vadimovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский физико-технический институт (государственный университет)</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University)</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Морской гидрофизический институт Российской академии наук</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences Sea Hydrophysical Institute</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Морской Гидрофизический Институт РАН</institution>
     <city>Sevastopol’</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Marine Hydrophysical Institute RAS</institution>
     <city>Sevastopol’</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт океанологии им. П. П. Ширшова РАН</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>25</volume>
   <issue>6</issue>
   <elocation-id>ES6019</elocation-id>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-19T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>19</day>
     <month>02</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-06T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>06</day>
     <month>05</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/95286/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/95286/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>В настоящей работе исследуется процесс образования нелинейных внутренних волн (НВВ) при числе Фруда около 1 (называемый также транскритический режим) в проливе Карские Ворота. Анализ механизмов генерации НВВ выполнен на основе обработки данных натурных измерений экспедиции «Плавучий университет-2023» в июле 2023 г., а также данных приливной модели Arc2kmTM. Используя рассчитанные по натурным данным линейные фазовые скорости внутренних волн первой моды и результат приливной модели были оценены значения числа Фруда в проливе и определена его временная изменчивость. На протяжении приливного цикла площадь участков пролива с транскритическими и сверхкритическими (𝐹𝑟 &gt; 1) значениями числа Фруда может существенно увеличиваться. В ряде районов пролива благоприятные для генерации НВВ условия наблюдаются дважды за приливной период главной полусуточной гармоники 𝑀2 (12,42 ч) или 4 раза в сутки. Анализ синхронных измерений с борта дрейфующего судна показал, что режим потока в ходе 8-часового периода последовательно изменился от докритических (𝐹𝑟 &lt; 1) к транскритическим и далее вернулся к докритическим значениям. Общее количество цугов НВВ и выраженных уединенных колебаний, а также их высота и крутизна существенно увеличились в период ослабления приливных течений при докритических значениях числа Фруда, качественно соответствуя теории образования и распространения НВВ в транскритическом режиме.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>In this study, we investigate the generation of nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) by transcritical flow in the Kara Gates Strait. The analysis of the NLIW generation mechanisms is carried out on the basis of in-situ measurements obtained during «Floating University-2023» expedition in July 2023, and data of Arc2kmTM tidal model. The values of the linear phase velocity of the first mode internal waves in July 2023 ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 m/s. Based on these estimates and model fields of tidal current velocity, the Froude number values in the strait were calculated and its temporal variability was determined. During the tidal cycle, the area of the strait occupied by transcritical and supercritical (𝐹𝑟 &gt; 1) flow regimes can increase substantially.. In a number of areas of the strait, conditions favorable for the generation of NLIWs are observed twice during the 𝑀2 tidal period or 4 times a day. Analysis of synchronous measurements from on board a drifting vessel showed that the flow regime during an 8-hour period successively changed from supercritical to transcritical and then to subcritical values. The total number of NLIW trains and pronounced solitary oscillations, as well as their height and steepness, increased significantly during the period of weakening tidal currents at subcritical values of the Froude number, qualitatively corresponding to the theory of the formation and propagation of NLIWs in the transcritical regime.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>нелинейные внутренние волны</kwd>
    <kwd>механизмы генерации внутренних волн</kwd>
    <kwd>транскритический режим</kwd>
    <kwd>запрепятственные волны</kwd>
    <kwd>число Фруда</kwd>
    <kwd>пролив Карские Ворота</kwd>
    <kwd>Арктика</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Nonlinear internal wave</kwd>
    <kwd>internal wave generation mechanisms</kwd>
    <kwd>transcritical regime</kwd>
    <kwd>lee waves</kwd>
    <kwd>Froude number</kwd>
    <kwd>transformation of barotropic tidal energy</kwd>
    <kwd>Kara Gates Strait</kwd>
    <kwd>Arctic Ocean</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы благодарят научную команду первого этапа экспедиции «Плавучий университет-2023» на борту НИС «Дальние Зеленцы» за помощь в выполнении натурных измерений. Экспедиция по программе «Плавучий университет-2023» проведена в рамках соглашения № 075-03-2024-117. Натурные измерения выполнены в рамках государственного задания FMWE-2024-0028. Анализ характеристик поля внутренних волн выполнен в рамках государственного задания FNNN-2024-0017.</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors thank the scientific team of the first stage of the &quot;Floating University-2023&quot; expedition aboard the NIS &quot;Dalniye Zelentsy&quot; for their assistance in performing field measurements. The expedition under the &quot;Floating University-2023&quot; program was conducted under Agreement No. 075-03-2024-117. The field measurements were conducted under State Contract FMWE-2024-0028. The analysis of the internal wave field characteristics was conducted under State Contract FNNN-2024-0017.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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