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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">96529</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2025ES001020</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">nzvmmr</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">On the Problem of Radar Monitoring of Ice Cover Formation and Destruction on Inland Waters: First Assessments</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>К вопросу о радиолокационном мониторинге формирования и разрушения ледяного покрова на внутренних водоемах: первые оценки</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4054-4905</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Караев</surname>
       <given-names>Владимир Юрьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Karaev</surname>
       <given-names>Vladimir Yur'evich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>volody@ipfran.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Сорокин</surname>
       <given-names>Евгений Сергеевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sorokin</surname>
       <given-names>Eugeny Sergeevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3795-0347</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Панфилова</surname>
       <given-names>Мария Андреевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Panfilova</surname>
       <given-names>Mariya Andreevna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7762-7731</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Титченко</surname>
       <given-names>Юрий Андреевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Titchenko</surname>
       <given-names>Yuriy Andreevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>yuriy@ipfran.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5353-7528</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Мешков</surname>
       <given-names>Евгений Михайлович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Meshkov</surname>
       <given-names>Evgeniy Mihaylovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9535-4949</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ковалдов</surname>
       <given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kovaldov</surname>
       <given-names>Dmitry Alexeevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>d.kovaldov@ipfran.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт прикладной физики Российской академии наук</institution>
     <city>Nizhny Novgorod</city>
     <country>RU</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Applied Physics</institution>
     <city>Nizhny Novgorod</city>
     <country>RU</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-13T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>13</day>
    <month>05</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-13T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>13</day>
    <month>05</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>25</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>1</fpage>
   <lpage>19</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>21</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-07T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>07</day>
     <month>05</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/96529/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/96529/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Для мониторинга происходящих климатических изменений активно применяются дистанционные методы и, в качестве одного из критериев, используется площадь морского льда в Арктике и Антарктике. Для оценки процессов внутри материков можно использовать длительность существования ледяного покрова на внутренних водоемах. Небольшие размеры водоемов не позволяют использовать традиционные методы, которые хорошо себя зарекомендовали в условиях моря. В данном исследовании рассматривается возможность применения данных двухчастотного дождевого радиолокатора для обнаружения формирования и разрушения ледяного покрова на небольших внутренних водоемах. Благодаря особенностям обратного рассеяния при малых углах падения (&lt; 18∘), внутренние водоемы с размерами меньше элемента разрешения радиолокатора (5 км) «видны» на радиолокационных изображениях. На примере р. Волга показано, что переходы «вода-лед» и «лед-вода» могут быть обнаружены при анализе радиолокационных изображений и, таким образом, получены оценки длительности существования ледяного покрова на внутренних водоемах.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Remote sensing methods are widely used to monitor ongoing climate change, and the area of sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic is used as one of the criteria. The duration of ice cover on inland waters can be used to assess processes within continents. The small size of internal waters does not allow the use of traditional methods that have proven themselves well in marine conditions. This study considers the possibility of using dual-frequency precipitation radar data to detect ice formation and destruction on small inland waters. Due to the features of backscatter at small incidence angles (&lt; 18∘), inland waters with sizes smaller than the radar resolution (5 km) are “visible” in radar images. Using the Volga River as an example, it is shown that water-ice and ice-water transitions can be detected when analyzing radar images, and thus, possible to estimate the duration of ice cover on inland waters.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>внутренний водоем</kwd>
    <kwd>ледяной покров</kwd>
    <kwd>двухчастотный дождевой радиолокатор</kwd>
    <kwd>радиолокационное изображение</kwd>
    <kwd>малые углы падения</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>inland water</kwd>
    <kwd>ice cover</kwd>
    <kwd>dual-frequency precipitation radar</kwd>
    <kwd>radar image</kwd>
    <kwd>small incidence angles</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-77-10064, https://rscf.ru/project/23-77-10064/.</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-77-10064, https://rscf.ru/project/23-77-10064/.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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