<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">105172</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2026ES001103</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">bxiysd</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Application of Neural Networks for Image Analysis of Thin-Section Areas of Quartz Sandstone with Carbonate Cement</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Применение нейронных сетей для анализа изображений участков шлифов кварцевого песчаника с карбонатным цементом</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4524-5655</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ахметов</surname>
       <given-names>Радик Фанусович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Ahmetov</surname>
       <given-names>Radik Fanusovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>axmetov19999@mail.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0354-1374</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Муртазин</surname>
       <given-names>Тимур Александрович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Murtazin</surname>
       <given-names>Timur Alexandrovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9713-2805</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Морозов</surname>
       <given-names>Владимир Петрович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Morozov</surname>
       <given-names>Vladimir Petrovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3349-1444</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Тумаков</surname>
       <given-names>Д. Н.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Tumakov</surname>
       <given-names>D. N.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>tdn2003@list.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6865-7477</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Судаков</surname>
       <given-names>Владислав Анатольевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sudakov</surname>
       <given-names>Vladislav Anatol'evich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-0962</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Нургалиев</surname>
       <given-names>Данис Карлович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Nourgaliev</surname>
       <given-names>Danis Karlovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор геолого-минералогических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5331-4087</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Каюмов</surname>
       <given-names>Зуфар Дамирович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kayumov</surname>
       <given-names>Zufar Damirovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский федеральный университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский федеральный университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский федеральный университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский федеральный университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский федеральный университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский федеральный университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-7">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Геопай»</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Geopy LLC</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-28T13:48:46+03:00">
    <day>28</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-28T13:48:46+03:00">
    <day>28</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>26</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <elocation-id>ES3014</elocation-id>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-14T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>14</day>
     <month>10</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-09T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>09</day>
     <month>02</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/105172/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/105172/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Петрографический анализ шлифов терригенных пород играет ключевую роль в изучении характеристик коллекторов, позволяя оценивать текстурно-структурные особенности и пористость, что необходимо для реконструкции условий осадконакопления и постседиментационных преобразований. Традиционный ручной анализ шлифов является трудоёмким и субъективным, что обуславливает необходимость его автоматизации. В настоящей работе предложен метод автоматизированного анализа участков шлифов песчаника с карбонатным цементом на основе глубокого обучения, сочетающий экземплярную сегментацию с использованием модели Mask R-CNN и семантическую сегментацию с применением SemanticFPN. Такой ансамблевый подход обеспечивает высокую точность сегментации, подтверждённую метриками Pixel Accuracy и IoU, и позволяет значительно ускорить обработку петрографических данных, повысить их объективность и воспроизводимость, что представляет практическую ценность для геологических и нефтегазовых исследований.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Petrographic analysis of thin sections of terrigenous rocks plays a key role in characterizing reservoir properties, enabling the assessment of textural and structural features as well as porosity—essential for reconstructing depositional environments and post-sedimentary alterations. Conventional manual analysis of thin sections is time-consuming and subjective, necessitating its automation. This study proposes an automated method for analyzing thin-section areas of quartz sandstone with carbonate cement based on deep learning, combining instance segmentation using the Mask R-CNN model with semantic segmentation employing SemanticFPN. This ensemble approach achieves high segmentation accuracy, as confirmed by Pixel Accuracy and Intersection over Union metrics, significantly accelerating petrographic data processing while enhancing objectivity and reproducibility. The method holds practical value for geological and petroleum exploration studies.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>петрографический шлиф</kwd>
    <kwd>сегментация зёрен минералов</kwd>
    <kwd>петрография осадочных пород</kwd>
    <kwd>глубокое обучение</kwd>
    <kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>petrographic thin section</kwd>
    <kwd>mineral grain segmentation</kwd>
    <kwd>sedimentary petrography</kwd>
    <kwd>deep learning</kwd>
    <kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств Программы стратегического академического лидерства Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета (Приоритет-2030).</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article was supported by the Strategic Academic Leadership Program of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (Priority 2030).</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гмид Л. П. Литологические аспекты изучения карбонатных пород-коллекторов // Нефтегазовая геология. Теория и практика. — 2006. — Т. 1. — С. 9.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gmid L. P. Lithological aspects of the carbonate reservoir rocks study // Petroleum Geology – Theoretical and Applied Studies. — 2006. — Vol. 1. — P. 9. — (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данилова Т. Е. Терригенные породы девона и нижнего карбона. — Казань : Плутон, 2008. — 436 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilova T. E. Terrigenous rocks of the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous. — Kazan : Pluton, 2008. — 436 p. — (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Морозов В. П. Учебно-методическое пособие к лабораторным занятиям по курсу «Литология». — Казань : Казанский университет, 2012. — 40 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morozov V. P. Educational and methodological manual for laboratory classes in the course &quot;Lithology&quot;. — Kazan : Kazan university, 2012. — 40 p. — (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муслимов Р. Х., Абдулмазитов Р. Г., Хисамов Р. Б. и др. Нефтегазоносность Республики Татарстан. Геология и разработка нефтяных месторождений. Том 1. — Казань : ФЭН АН РТ, 2007. — 316 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muslimov R. Kh., Abdulmazitov R. G., Khisamov R. B., et al. Oil and gas potential of the Republic of Tatarstan. Geology and development of oil fields. Volume 1. — Kazan : FEN AN RT, 2007. — 316 p. — (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыкус М. В. Карбонатная цементация в песчаных породах-коллекторах: обзор представлений // Нефтегазовое дело. — 2020. — Т. 18, № 5. — С. 15—26. — https://doi.org/10.17122/ngdelo-2020-5-15-26</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rykus M. V. Carbonate cementation in sandstone reservoirs: an overview of views // Neftegazovoe delo. — 2020. — Vol. 18, no. 5. — P. 15–26. — https://doi.org/10.17122/ngdelo-2020-5-15-26 — (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caeser H., Uijlings J. and Ferrari V. COCO-Stuff: Thing and Stuff Classes in Context // 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. — Salt Lake City, UT, USA : IEEE, 2018. — P. 1209–1218. — https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2018.00132</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caeser H., Uijlings J. and Ferrari V. COCO-Stuff: Thing and Stuff Classes in Context // 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. — Salt Lake City, UT, USA : IEEE, 2018. — P. 1209–1218. — https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2018.00132</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dabek P., Chudy K., Nowak I., et al. Grain segmentation in sandstone thin-section based on computer analysis of microscopic images // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. — 2023. — Vol. 1189, no. 1. — P. 012026. — https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1189/1/012026</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dabek P., Chudy K., Nowak I., et al. Grain segmentation in sandstone thin-section based on computer analysis of microscopic images // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. — 2023. — Vol. 1189, no. 1. — P. 012026. — https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1189/1/012026</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dell’Aversana P. An Integrated Deep Learning Framework for Classification of Mineral Thin Sections and Other Geo-Data, a Tutorial // Minerals. — 2023. — Vol. 13, no. 5. — P. 584. — https://doi.org/10.3390/min13050584</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dell’Aversana P. An Integrated Deep Learning Framework for Classification of Mineral Thin Sections and Other Geo-Data, a Tutorial // Minerals. — 2023. — Vol. 13, no. 5. — P. 584. — https://doi.org/10.3390/min13050584</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gadhiya Ravindra and Kalani Nilesh. Deep learning architectures for semantic segmentation of 2D image: A review // 1st International Conference on Advances in Signal Processing, VLSI, Commenications and Embedded Systems: ICSVCE-2021. Vol. 2407. — AIP Publishing, 2021. — P. 020032. — https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0074633</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gadhiya Ravindra and Kalani Nilesh. Deep learning architectures for semantic segmentation of 2D image: A review // 1st International Conference on Advances in Signal Processing, VLSI, Commenications and Embedded Systems: ICSVCE-2021. Vol. 2407. — AIP Publishing, 2021. — P. 020032. — https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0074633</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">González-Vargas T. and Gutiérrez-Castorena M. D. C. Brightness Values-Based Discriminant Functions for Classification of Degrees of Organic Matter Decomposition in Soil Thin Sections // Spanish Journal of Soil Science. — 2022. — Vol. 12. — https://doi.org/10.3389/sjss.2022.10348</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">González-Vargas T. and Gutiérrez-Castorena M. D. C. Brightness Values-Based Discriminant Functions for Classification of Degrees of Organic Matter Decomposition in Soil Thin Sections // Spanish Journal of Soil Science. — 2022. — Vol. 12. — https://doi.org/10.3389/sjss.2022.10348</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He K., Gkioxari G., Dollár P., et al. Mask R-CNN // IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). — arXiv, 2017. — P. 2980–2988. — https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1703.06870</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He K., Gkioxari G., Dollár P., et al. Mask R-CNN // IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). — arXiv, 2017. — P. 2980–2988. — https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1703.06870</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kerr P. F. Optical Mineralogy. — McGraw-Hill, 1977. — 492 p. Kirillov A., Girshick R., He K., et al. Panoptic Feature Pyramid Networks // IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR). — Long Beach, CA, USA : arXiv, 2019. — P. 6392–6401. — https://doi.org/10.4 8550/ARXIV.1901.02446</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kerr P. F. Optical Mineralogy. — McGraw-Hill, 1977. — 492 p. Kirillov A., Girshick R., He K., et al. Panoptic Feature Pyramid Networks // IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR). — Long Beach, CA, USA : arXiv, 2019. — P. 6392–6401. — https://doi.org/10.4 8550/ARXIV.1901.02446</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirillov A., Wu Yu., He K., et al. PointRend: Image Segmentation as Rendering // IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR). — arXiv, 2020. — P. 9799–9808. — https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1912.08193</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirillov A., Wu Yu., He K., et al. PointRend: Image Segmentation as Rendering // IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR). — arXiv, 2020. — P. 9799–9808. — https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1912.08193</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leichter A., Almeev R. R., Wittich D., et al. Automated Segmentation of Olivine Phenocrysts in a Volcanic Rock Thin Section Using a Fully Convolutional Neural Network // Frontiers in Earth Science. — 2022. — Vol. 10. — https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.740638</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leichter A., Almeev R. R., Wittich D., et al. Automated Segmentation of Olivine Phenocrysts in a Volcanic Rock Thin Section Using a Fully Convolutional Neural Network // Frontiers in Earth Science. — 2022. — Vol. 10. — https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.740638</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin T. Y., Maire M., Belongie S., et al. Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context // Computer Vision – ECCV 2014. — Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2014. — P. 740–755. — https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin T. Y., Maire M., Belongie S., et al. Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context // Computer Vision – ECCV 2014. — Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2014. — P. 740–755. — https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Padilla R., Netto S. L. and Silva E. A. B. da. A Survey on Performance Metrics for Object-Detection Algorithms // 2020 International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP). — Niteroi, Brazil : IEEE, 2020. — P. 237–242. — https://doi.org/10.1109/iwssip48289.2020.9145130</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padilla R., Netto S. L. and Silva E. A. B. da. A Survey on Performance Metrics for Object-Detection Algorithms // 2020 International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP). — Niteroi, Brazil : IEEE, 2020. — P. 237–242. — https://doi.org/10.1109/iwssip48289.2020.9145130</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ren S., He K., Girshick R., et al. Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks // IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. — 2017. — Vol. 39, no. 6. — P. 1137–1149. — https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2016.2577031</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ren S., He K., Girshick R., et al. Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks // IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. — 2017. — Vol. 39, no. 6. — P. 1137–1149. — https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2016.2577031</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su C., Xu S. J., Zhu K. Y., et al. Rock classification in petrographic thin section images based on concatenated convolutional neural networks // Earth Science Informatics. — 2020. — Vol. 13, no. 4. — P. 1477–1484. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-020-00505-1</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su C., Xu S. J., Zhu K. Y., et al. Rock classification in petrographic thin section images based on concatenated convolutional neural networks // Earth Science Informatics. — 2020. — Vol. 13, no. 4. — P. 1477–1484. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-020-00505-1</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang H., Cao W., Zhou Y., et al. Multitarget Intelligent Recognition of Petrographic Thin Section Images Based on Faster RCNN // Minerals. — 2023. — Vol. 13, no. 7. — P. 872. — https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070872</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang H., Cao W., Zhou Y., et al. Multitarget Intelligent Recognition of Petrographic Thin Section Images Based on Faster RCNN // Minerals. — 2023. — Vol. 13, no. 7. — P. 872. — https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070872</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
