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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">108820</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2026es001114</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">tsrema</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE M 8.8 ON JULY 29, 2025</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE M 8.8 ON JULY 29, 2025</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE M 8.8 ON JULY 29, 2025</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Built-Up Strain and the Predictability of the July 29(30), 2025 Kamchatka Earthquake</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Built-Up Strain and the Predictability of the July 29(30), 2025 Kamchatka Earthquake</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-7183</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Владимирова</surname>
       <given-names>Ирина Сергеевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Vladimirova</surname>
       <given-names>Irina Sergeevna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>vladimirova.is@ocean.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1993-2433</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Воробьева</surname>
       <given-names>Инесса Анатольевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Vorobieva</surname>
       <given-names>Inessa Anatolievna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>vorobiev@mitp.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1638-0688</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Крушельницкий</surname>
       <given-names>Кирилл Валерьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Krushelnitskii</surname>
       <given-names>Kirill Valerievich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>kirillkrush@mail.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-8099</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Стеблов</surname>
       <given-names>Г. М.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Steblov</surname>
       <given-names>G. M.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3361-3773</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Шебалин</surname>
       <given-names>Петр Николаевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Shebalin</surname>
       <given-names>Peter Nikolaevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>rjes@wdcb.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт теории прогноза землетрясений и математической геофизики Российской академии наук</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics Russian academy of sciences</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт теории прогноза землетрясений и математической геофизики РАН</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics RAS</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт теории прогноза землетрясений и математической геофизики РАН</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics RAS</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики Земли им. О.Ю. Шмидта Российской академии наук</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-7">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт теории прогноза землетрясений и математической геофизики Российской академии наук</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-8">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт теории прогноза землетрясений и математической геофизики Российской академии наук (ИТПЗ РАН)</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-9">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Геофизический центр Российской академии наук</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-01T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-01T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>26</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <elocation-id>ES2004</elocation-id>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-02T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>02</day>
     <month>02</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-25T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>25</day>
     <month>05</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/108820/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/108820/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>The July 29(30), 2025 Kamchatka earthquake occurred only 73 years after the major November 4, 1952 event in the same subduction zone, highlighting the relatively short interval between two large ruptures in this segment. The 2025 earthquake (MW 8.8) ruptured approximately 480 km of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, generating a moderate tsunami with maximum recorded wave heights of ~4–5 m, smaller than expected for an event of this magnitude. Based on synthetic earthquake catalogs generated using stochastic modeling of background seismicity and ETAS-type aftershock sequences, the most likely location and depth of a future earthquake with MW ≥ 7.7 were identified as early as October 2024 in this region. Moreover, our prior calculations of accumulated seismogenic potential in this segment of the subduction zone, based on 28 years of continuous GNSS observations, indicated that an earthquake of this magnitude was indeed possible. GNSS-derived estimates of accumulated elastic strain indicate that the July 29(30), 2025 mainshock released the majority of the stored seismogenic potential, while large September 13 and 18, 2025 aftershocks likely redistributed stress along the subduction interface, partially releasing previously accumulated strain. Estimates of remaining seismogenic potential suggest that areas north of the 2025 rupture remain capable of producing large earthquakes (MW ≈ 8), emphasizing the importance of continuous geodetic and seismic monitoring, and demonstrating that combining long-term probabilistic seismic modeling with GNSS-based strain measurements can improve the anticipation of large earthquakes.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The July 29(30), 2025 Kamchatka earthquake occurred only 73 years after the major November 4, 1952 event in the same subduction zone, highlighting the relatively short interval between two large ruptures in this segment. The 2025 earthquake (MW 8.8) ruptured approximately 480 km of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, generating a moderate tsunami with maximum recorded wave heights of ~4–5 m, smaller than expected for an event of this magnitude. Based on synthetic earthquake catalogs generated using stochastic modeling of background seismicity and ETAS-type aftershock sequences, the most likely location and depth of a future earthquake with MW ≥ 7.7 were identified as early as October 2024 in this region. Moreover, our prior calculations of accumulated seismogenic potential in this segment of the subduction zone, based on 28 years of continuous GNSS observations, indicated that an earthquake of this magnitude was indeed possible. GNSS-derived estimates of accumulated elastic strain indicate that the July 29(30), 2025 mainshock released the majority of the stored seismogenic potential, while large September 13 and 18, 2025 aftershocks likely redistributed stress along the subduction interface, partially releasing previously accumulated strain. Estimates of remaining seismogenic potential suggest that areas north of the 2025 rupture remain capable of producing large earthquakes (MW ≈ 8), emphasizing the importance of continuous geodetic and seismic monitoring, and demonstrating that combining long-term probabilistic seismic modeling with GNSS-based strain measurements can improve the anticipation of large earthquakes.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Kuril–Kamchatka subduction zone</kwd>
    <kwd>2025 Kamchatka megathrust earthquake</kwd>
    <kwd>earthquake forecasting</kwd>
    <kwd>probabilistic seismic modeling</kwd>
    <kwd>interplate coupling</kwd>
    <kwd>seismogenic potential</kwd>
    <kwd>numerical modeling</kwd>
    <kwd>GNSS</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Kuril–Kamchatka subduction zone</kwd>
    <kwd>2025 Kamchatka megathrust earthquake</kwd>
    <kwd>earthquake forecasting</kwd>
    <kwd>probabilistic seismic modeling</kwd>
    <kwd>interplate coupling</kwd>
    <kwd>seismogenic potential</kwd>
    <kwd>numerical modeling</kwd>
    <kwd>GNSS</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">The work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment of the IETP RAS (theme No. FMWW-2024-0006 and theme No. FMWW-2024-0010 in the field of “Volcanology and Seismology of Kamchatka,” as part of the integrated interagency program for the study and development of the unique territory of the Kamchatka krai “Third Kamchatka Expedition”), as well as within the framework of the State Assignment of the IO RAS (theme No. FMWE-2024-0018) and the State Assignment of the GC RAS. We express our sincere gratitude to Inessa A. Vorobieva (PhD in Physics and Mathematics, Leading Researcher, Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences) for her valuable contribution to this study. In memoriam: Inessa A. Vorobieva (1960–2026). Her research spanned geophysics, seismology, and geodynamics. She passed away on February 23, 2026.</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment of the IETP RAS (theme No. FMWW-2024-0006 and theme No. FMWW-2024-0010 in the field of “Volcanology and Seismology of Kamchatka,” as part of the integrated interagency program for the study and development of the unique territory of the Kamchatka krai “Third Kamchatka Expedition”), as well as within the framework of the State Assignment of the IO RAS (theme No. FMWE-2024-0018) and the State Assignment of the GC RAS. We express our sincere gratitude to Inessa A. Vorobieva (PhD in Physics and Mathematics, Leading Researcher, Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences) for her valuable contribution to this study. In memoriam: Inessa A. Vorobieva (1960–2026). Her research spanned geophysics, seismology, and geodynamics. She passed away on February 23, 2026.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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