Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 1681-1208 47157 ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ORIGINAL ARTICLES ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ Petromagnetism of the continental lithosphere and the origin of regional magnetic anomalies: A review Petromagnetism of the continental lithosphere and the origin of regional magnetic anomalies: A review Pechersky D M Pechersky D M Genshaft Yu S Genshaft Yu S Schmidt United Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences ru Schmidt United Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences ru Schmidt United Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences ru Schmidt United Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences ru 3 2 97 124 11 11 2021 https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/47157/view

The paper discusses the current ideas of regional magnetic anomaly sources and experimental evidence for the formation and behavior of various magnetic minerals within a wide range of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity. Four thermodynamic zones of formation conditions of magnetic minerals are shown to exist; these are the hematite, magnetite, silicate and metal-Fe zones successively changing, as the oxygen fugacity decreases from strongly oxidizing to strongly reducing conditions. The effects of pressure and diffusion processes on titanomagnetite alterations, as well as the oxygen fugacity and fluid composition implications for the composition and concentration of magnetic minerals, are considered. Experimental studies show that ferromagnetic minerals do not form from silicates under "dry'' conditions or in the presence of water vapor. The paper presents results derived from our studies of petromagnetic characteristics of rocks that formed under near-surface conditions basalts and gabbroids and in the lowermost continental crustxenoliths in igneous rocks of Afar, Mongolia, the Lesser Caucasus, Kurile Islands, and Yakutia, as well as rocks from Archean-Proterozoic metamorphic sequences Aldan and Anabar shields and Voronezh crystalline massif. The implications of secondary processes, such as chloritization and amphibolization, for the alterations in the ferromagnetic fraction and magnetic properties of these rocks are considered. Our results and literature data reviewed indicate that, since the Archean, igneous rocks formed in extension zones under surface and near-surface conditions have made a major contribution to the crust magnetism and regional magnetic anomalies. This situation is presently preserved in spite of metamorphism and substantial recrystallization at various depths.

The paper discusses the current ideas of regional magnetic anomaly sources and experimental evidence for the formation and behavior of various magnetic minerals within a wide range of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity. Four thermodynamic zones of formation conditions of magnetic minerals are shown to exist; these are the hematite, magnetite, silicate and metal-Fe zones successively changing, as the oxygen fugacity decreases from strongly oxidizing to strongly reducing conditions. The effects of pressure and diffusion processes on titanomagnetite alterations, as well as the oxygen fugacity and fluid composition implications for the composition and concentration of magnetic minerals, are considered. Experimental studies show that ferromagnetic minerals do not form from silicates under "dry'' conditions or in the presence of water vapor. The paper presents results derived from our studies of petromagnetic characteristics of rocks that formed under near-surface conditions basalts and gabbroids and in the lowermost continental crustxenoliths in igneous rocks of Afar, Mongolia, the Lesser Caucasus, Kurile Islands, and Yakutia, as well as rocks from Archean-Proterozoic metamorphic sequences Aldan and Anabar shields and Voronezh crystalline massif. The implications of secondary processes, such as chloritization and amphibolization, for the alterations in the ferromagnetic fraction and magnetic properties of these rocks are considered. Our results and literature data reviewed indicate that, since the Archean, igneous rocks formed in extension zones under surface and near-surface conditions have made a major contribution to the crust magnetism and regional magnetic anomalies. This situation is presently preserved in spite of metamorphism and substantial recrystallization at various depths.

 petromagnetism magnetization layer regional magnetic anomalies metamorphism ferromagnets. petromagnetism magnetization layer regional magnetic anomalies metamorphism ferromagnets.

Afanas'ev, Geological problems of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, 1978. Afanas'ev, Geological problems of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, 1978. Arkani-Hamed, J. Geophys. Res., v. 99, 1994., doi: 10.1029/94JB00930 Arkani-Hamed, J. Geophys. Res., v. 99, 1994., doi: 10.1029/94JB00930 Bazhenova, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 34, 1998. Bazhenova, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 34, 1998. Bazhenova, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 37, 2001. Bazhenova, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 37, 2001. Behrendt, Geologic Evolution of Antarctica, edited by M. R. A. Thomson, J. A. Crame, and J. W. Thomson, 1991. Behrendt, Geologic Evolution of Antarctica, edited by M. R. A. Thomson, J. A. Crame, and J. W. Thomson, 1991. Bell, J. Petrol., v. 38, 1997. Bell, J. Petrol., v. 38, 1997. Belusso, Tectonophysics, v. 182, 1990., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519090343-7 Belusso, Tectonophysics, v. 182, 1990., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519090343-7 Bogatikov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 9, 1971. Bogatikov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 9, 1971. Bogatikov, Magmatism and mineral resources, 1975. Bogatikov, Magmatism and mineral resources, 1975. Bol'shakov, Izvestiya, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 15, 1980. Bol'shakov, Izvestiya, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 15, 1980. Borisov, Fluids and the Redox Equilibrium in Magmatic Systems, 1991. Borisov, Fluids and the Redox Equilibrium in Magmatic Systems, 1991. Brodskaya, Methodological Recommendations Concerning the Study of Magnetic Properties of Overdeep Hole Rocks, 1992. Brodskaya, Methodological Recommendations Concerning the Study of Magnetic Properties of Overdeep Hole Rocks, 1992. Bulina, Geofiz. Zh., v. 8, 1986. Bulina, Geofiz. Zh., v. 8, 1986. Condie, Archean Greenstone Belts, 1981. Condie, Archean Greenstone Belts, 1981. Dunlop, Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc., v. 69, 1982. Dunlop, Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc., v. 69, 1982. Ermakov, Tikhookean. Geol., no. 4, 1989. Ermakov, Tikhookean. Geol., no. 4, 1989. Fransis, Can. Miner., v. 14, 1976. Fransis, Can. Miner., v. 14, 1976. Gantimurov, The Fluid Regime of Fe-Si Systems, 1982. Gantimurov, The Fluid Regime of Fe-Si Systems, 1982. Genshaft, Experimental Studies of Deep Mineralogy and Petrology, 1977. Genshaft, Experimental Studies of Deep Mineralogy and Petrology, 1977. Genshaft, Geofiz. Zh., v. 8, 1986. Genshaft, Geofiz. Zh., v. 8, 1986. Genshaft, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 283, 1985. Genshaft, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 283, 1985. Genshaft, Structure and Evolution of the Tectonosphere, 1987. Genshaft, Structure and Evolution of the Tectonosphere, 1987. Genshaft, The Catalog of Inclusions of Deep Rocks and Minerals in Basalts of Mongolia, 1990. Genshaft, The Catalog of Inclusions of Deep Rocks and Minerals in Basalts of Mongolia, 1990. Genshaft, Iceland: Deep Structure, Evolution and Intrusive Magmatism, 1999. Genshaft, Iceland: Deep Structure, Evolution and Intrusive Magmatism, 1999. Genshaft, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 18, no. 7, 1983. Genshaft, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 18, no. 7, 1983. Genshaft, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 21, 1985. Genshaft, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 21, 1985. Genshaft, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 31, 1995. Genshaft, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 31, 1995. Genshaft, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 33, 1997. Genshaft, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 33, 1997. Genshaft, Paleomagnetism and Magnetism of Rocks, 2000. Genshaft, Paleomagnetism and Magnetism of Rocks, 2000. Gibson, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 174, 2000., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X9900274-5 Gibson, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 174, 2000., doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X9900274-5 Girnis, Phase Equilibria in Mantle with Reference to the Origin of High-Mg magmas, 1998., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X9500120-2 Girnis, Phase Equilibria in Mantle with Reference to the Origin of High-Mg magmas, 1998., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X9500120-2 Girnis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 134, 1995. Girnis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 134, 1995. Glukhovskii, Geotektonika, no. 3, 1993. Glukhovskii, Geotektonika, no. 3, 1993. Golovin, 1984. Golovin, 1984. Gordin, Okeanologiya, v. 33, 1993. Gordin, Okeanologiya, v. 33, 1993. Grachev, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 36, 2000. Grachev, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 36, 2000. Green, Nature, v. 336, 1988., doi: 10.1038/336459a0 Green, Nature, v. 336, 1988., doi: 10.1038/336459a0 Griffin, J. Geol. Soc. London, v. 135, 1978. Griffin, J. Geol. Soc. London, v. 135, 1978. Hahn, Geophys. Prospect., v. 24, 1976., doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.1976.tb00926.x Hahn, Geophys. Prospect., v. 24, 1976., doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.1976.tb00926.x Hall, J. Geophys., v. 40, 1974. Hall, J. Geophys., v. 40, 1974. Hargraves, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., v. 132, 1972. Hargraves, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., v. 132, 1972. Hauri, Nature, v. 365, 1993., doi: 10.1038/365221a0 Hauri, Nature, v. 365, 1993., doi: 10.1038/365221a0 Housden, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sci., v. 86, 1996. Housden, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sci., v. 86, 1996. Johnson, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., v. 17, 1979. Johnson, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., v. 17, 1979. Kadik, Physicochemical Conditions of the Basaltic Magma Evolution in Near-Surface Chambers, 1990. Kadik, Physicochemical Conditions of the Basaltic Magma Evolution in Near-Surface Chambers, 1990. Karataev, Geofiz. Zh., v. 7, 1985. Karataev, Geofiz. Zh., v. 7, 1985. Karataev, Geological-Mathematical Analysis of a Complex of Geophysical Fields, 1986. Karataev, Geological-Mathematical Analysis of a Complex of Geophysical Fields, 1986. Kashintsev, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. SSSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 19, 1983. Kashintsev, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. SSSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 19, 1983. Kelso, J. Geophys. Res., v. 98, 1993. Kelso, J. Geophys. Res., v. 98, 1993. Kent, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., v. 55, 1978. Kent, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., v. 55, 1978. Kidd, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., v. 50, 1977. Kidd, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., v. 50, 1977. Kletetschka, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 25, 1998., doi: 10.1029/97GL03506 Kletetschka, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 25, 1998., doi: 10.1029/97GL03506 Korzhinskii, Problems of Endogenous Mineralization, 1967. Korzhinskii, Problems of Endogenous Mineralization, 1967. Kozlovskii, The Kola Overdeep Hole, 1984. Kozlovskii, The Kola Overdeep Hole, 1984. Kropotkin, Geotektonika, no. 7, 1987. Kropotkin, Geotektonika, no. 7, 1987. Krutikhovskaya, Geofiz. Subduction., v. 73, 1976. Krutikhovskaya, Geofiz. Subduction., v. 73, 1976. Krutikhovskaya, Geofiz. Zh., no. 5, 1986. Krutikhovskaya, Geofiz. Zh., no. 5, 1986. Krutikhovskaya, Geofiz. Zh., v. 46, 1979. Krutikhovskaya, Geofiz. Zh., v. 46, 1979. Krutikhovskaya, Study of Regional Magnetic Anomalies in Platform Regions, 1984. Krutikhovskaya, Study of Regional Magnetic Anomalies in Platform Regions, 1984. Krutikhovskaya, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1986. Krutikhovskaya, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1986. Letnikov, Fluid Regime in the Crust and Upper Mantle, 1977. Letnikov, Fluid Regime in the Crust and Upper Mantle, 1977. Liu, J. China Univ. Geosci., v. 9, 1998. Liu, J. China Univ. Geosci., v. 9, 1998. Liu, Tectonophysics, v. 204, 1992., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519290318-Z Liu, Tectonophysics, v. 204, 1992., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519290318-Z Liu, Sci. China B, v. 37, 1994. Liu, Sci. China B, v. 37, 1994. Liu, EOS, 1996. Liu, EOS, 1996. Lugovenko, Investigations of Regional Magnetic Anomalies on Platforms, 1984. Lugovenko, Investigations of Regional Magnetic Anomalies on Platforms, 1984. Lutz, Petrology of Deep Zones of the Continental Crust and Upper Mantle, 1974. Lutz, Petrology of Deep Zones of the Continental Crust and Upper Mantle, 1974. Lutz, Deeply Denudated Fault Zones of the Anabar Shield, 1990. Lutz, Deeply Denudated Fault Zones of the Anabar Shield, 1990. Lykov, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 12, 1976. Lykov, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 12, 1976. Lykov, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 13, 1977. Lykov, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 13, 1977. Lykov, Investigations of Regional Magnetic Anomalies on Platforms, 1984. Lykov, Investigations of Regional Magnetic Anomalies on Platforms, 1984. Lykov, Multidisciplinary studies of evolution of the Baikal-Mongolia region in the Cenozoic, 1981. Lykov, Multidisciplinary studies of evolution of the Baikal-Mongolia region in the Cenozoic, 1981. Lykov, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 30, 1994. Lykov, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 30, 1994. Marakushev, The Origin and Evolution of the Earth and Other Planets of the Solar System, 1992. Marakushev, The Origin and Evolution of the Earth and Other Planets of the Solar System, 1992. Marakushev, Evolution of the Meteoric Planetary Matter and Magmatic Series, 1983. Marakushev, Evolution of the Meteoric Planetary Matter and Magmatic Series, 1983. Markovskii, Geofiz. Zh., v. 9, 1987. Markovskii, Geofiz. Zh., v. 9, 1987. Mayhew, J. Geophys. Res., v. 87, 1983. Mayhew, J. Geophys. Res., v. 87, 1983. Mayhew, J. Geophys. Res., v. 90, 1985. Mayhew, J. Geophys. Res., v. 90, 1985. McEnroe, Norges Geologiske Undersokelse Report, v. 96,060, 1996. McEnroe, Norges Geologiske Undersokelse Report, v. 96,060, 1996. Mehnert, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Abh., v. 125, 1975. Mehnert, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Abh., v. 125, 1975. Mueller, Chemical Petrology, 1977. Mueller, Chemical Petrology, 1977. Murthy, Can. J. Earth Sci., v. 8, 1971. Murthy, Can. J. Earth Sci., v. 8, 1971. Nadezhka, Lithosphere of Central and Eastern Europe, 1989. Nadezhka, Lithosphere of Central and Eastern Europe, 1989. Newton, Precambr. Res., v. 55, 1992., doi: 10.1016/0301-92689290036-N Newton, Precambr. Res., v. 55, 1992., doi: 10.1016/0301-92689290036-N Nguen, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 18, 1982. Nguen, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 18, 1982. Nguen, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 1, 1989. Nguen, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 1, 1989. Olesen, Tectonophysics, v. 192, 1991., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519190244-M Olesen, Tectonophysics, v. 192, 1991., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519190244-M Osborn, Carnegie Inst. Wash., v. 78, 1979. Osborn, Carnegie Inst. Wash., v. 78, 1979. Palmer, Can. J. Earth Sci., v. 10, 1973. Palmer, Can. J. Earth Sci., v. 10, 1973. Pashkevich, Geofiz. Zh., v. 8, 1986. Pashkevich, Geofiz. Zh., v. 8, 1986. Perchuk, Thermodynamic Regime of the Deep Paragenesis, 1973. Perchuk, Thermodynamic Regime of the Deep Paragenesis, 1973. Pechersky, Petromagnetism and Paleomagnetism, 1985. Pechersky, Petromagnetism and Paleomagnetism, 1985. Pechersky, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 9, 1991. Pechersky, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 9, 1991. Pechersky, A Petromagnetic Model of the Lithosphere, 1994. Pechersky, A Petromagnetic Model of the Lithosphere, 1994. Pechersky, Magnetism and Conditions of Formation of Extrusive Rocks, 1975. Pechersky, Magnetism and Conditions of Formation of Extrusive Rocks, 1975. Pechersky, Paleo-Asian Ocean: Petromagnetic and paleomagnetic Evidence on Its Lithosphere, 1995. Pechersky, Paleo-Asian Ocean: Petromagnetic and paleomagnetic Evidence on Its Lithosphere, 1995. Pechersky, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 19, 1983. Pechersky, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 19, 1983. Pechersky, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 10, 1988. Pechersky, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 10, 1988. Pechersky, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 19, 1983. Pechersky, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 19, 1983. Pechersky, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 29, 1994. Pechersky, Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 29, 1994. Pechersky, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 23, 1987. Pechersky, Izvestia, Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Solid Earth, v. 23, 1987. Pechersky, Studies of Paleomagnetism and Magnetism of Rocks, 1989. Pechersky, Studies of Paleomagnetism and Magnetism of Rocks, 1989. Percival, Archean Crustal Evolution, edited by K. C. Condie, 1994. Percival, Archean Crustal Evolution, edited by K. C. Condie, 1994. Petersen, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., v. 2, no. 3, 1970., doi: 10.1016/0031-92017090005-1 Petersen, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., v. 2, no. 3, 1970., doi: 10.1016/0031-92017090005-1 Pilkington, J. Geophys. Res., v. 104, 1999., doi: 10.1029/1998JB900121 Pilkington, J. Geophys. Res., v. 104, 1999., doi: 10.1029/1998JB900121 Piskarev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 282, 1988. Piskarev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 282, 1988. Ridley, Precambr. Res., v. 55, 1992., doi: 10.1016/0301-92689290037-O Ridley, Precambr. Res., v. 55, 1992., doi: 10.1016/0301-92689290037-O Ringwood, Composition and Petrology of the Earth's Mantle, 1975. Ringwood, Composition and Petrology of the Earth's Mantle, 1975. Saltykovsky, Cenozoic Geodynamics of Volcanism in Southeastern Mongolia, 1985. Saltykovsky, Cenozoic Geodynamics of Volcanism in Southeastern Mongolia, 1985. Sato, Amer. J. Sci., v. 280A, 1980. Sato, Amer. J. Sci., v. 280A, 1980. Schiano, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 123, 1994., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X9490265-8 Schiano, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 123, 1994., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X9490265-8 Schlinger, J. Geophys. Res., v. 90, 1985. Schlinger, J. Geophys. Res., v. 90, 1985. Schlinger, J. Geophys. Res., v. 94, 1989. Schlinger, J. Geophys. Res., v. 94, 1989. Schnetzler, J. Geophys. Res., v. 90, 1985. Schnetzler, J. Geophys. Res., v. 90, 1985. Schwendener, Geomagnetic and Gravimetric Studies of the Ivrea Zone, edited by J.-J. Wagner and St. Mueller, 1984. Schwendener, Geomagnetic and Gravimetric Studies of the Ivrea Zone, edited by J.-J. Wagner and St. Mueller, 1984. Semenova, Deep Inclusions in Alkaline Basaltoids of Tokinski Stanovik, 1984. Semenova, Deep Inclusions in Alkaline Basaltoids of Tokinski Stanovik, 1984. Sholpo, Application of Rock Magnetism to Geological Problems, 1977. Sholpo, Application of Rock Magnetism to Geological Problems, 1977. Skryabina, Geophysical Studies of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, 1981. Skryabina, Geophysical Studies of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, 1981. Spencer, Amer. Mineralogist, v. 66, 1981. Spencer, Amer. Mineralogist, v. 66, 1981. Taylor, Cenozoic Geodynamics of Volcanism of Southeast Mongolia, 1985. Taylor, Cenozoic Geodynamics of Volcanism of Southeast Mongolia, 1985. Toft, Geophys. Res. Letters, v. 15, 1988. Toft, Geophys. Res. Letters, v. 15, 1988. Vine, Nature, v. 199, 1963., doi: 10.1038/199947a0 Vine, Nature, v. 199, 1963., doi: 10.1038/199947a0 Wagner, Geomagnetic and Gravimetric Studies of Ivrea zone, edited by J. J. Wagner and S. Muller, 1984., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519500014-E Wagner, Geomagnetic and Gravimetric Studies of Ivrea zone, edited by J. J. Wagner and S. Muller, 1984., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519500014-E Warner, Tectonophysics, v. 249, 1995. Warner, Tectonophysics, v. 249, 1995. Wasilewski, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 9, 1982. Wasilewski, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 9, 1982. Wasilewski, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 9, 1982. Wasilewski, Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 9, 1982. Wasilewski, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 87, 1988., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X8890022-2 Wasilewski, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 87, 1988., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X8890022-2 Williams, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 76, 1986., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X8590157-8 Williams, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 76, 1986., doi: 10.1016/0012-821X8590157-8 Yakovlev, Geol. Zh., v. 47, 1987. Yakovlev, Geol. Zh., v. 47, 1987. York, V Mire Nauki, no. 2-3, 1993. York, V Mire Nauki, no. 2-3, 1993. Young, Geological Evolution of Antarctica, edited by M. R. A. Thomson, J. A. Grame, and J. W. Thomson, 1991. Young, Geological Evolution of Antarctica, edited by M. R. A. Thomson, J. A. Grame, and J. W. Thomson, 1991. Zaraiskii, Experimental Study of Bimetasomatic Skarn Formation, 1986. Zaraiskii, Experimental Study of Bimetasomatic Skarn Formation, 1986. Zavoiskii, Geological Interpretation of Potential Fields, 1983. Zavoiskii, Geological Interpretation of Potential Fields, 1983. Zhang, Tectonophysics, v. 234, 1994., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519490213-5 Zhang, Tectonophysics, v. 234, 1994., doi: 10.1016/0040-19519490213-5 Zhao, Precambr. Res., v. 81, 1997., doi: 10.1016/S0301-92689600022-8 Zhao, Precambr. Res., v. 81, 1997., doi: 10.1016/S0301-92689600022-8 Zolotarev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 4, 1988. Zolotarev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., no. 4, 1988. Zonenshain, Plate Tectonics in the USSR Territory, vols. 1, 2, 1990. Zonenshain, Plate Tectonics in the USSR Territory, vols. 1, 2, 1990.