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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52576</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2023ES000846</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">TLODEE</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Steric Oscillations of the Baltic Sea Level</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Стерические колебания уровня Балтийского моря</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-5739</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Захарчук</surname>
       <given-names>Евгений Александрович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Zakharchuk</surname>
       <given-names>Eugenii Aleksandrovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-4342</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Сухачев</surname>
       <given-names>Владимир Николаевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sukhachev</surname>
       <given-names>Vladimir Nikolaevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>Syhachev@mail.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат географических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of geographical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4546-4920</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Тихонова</surname>
       <given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Tihonova</surname>
       <given-names>Natal'ya Aleksandrovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1069-1768</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Литина</surname>
       <given-names>Екатерина Николаевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Litina</surname>
       <given-names>Ekaterina Nikolaevna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Мурманский морской биологический институт Кольского научного центра Российской академии наук</institution>
     <city>Мурманск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <city>Murmansk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный океанографический институт имени Н.Н.Зубова, Росгидромет</institution>
     <city>Санкт-Петербург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">N.N.Zubov’s State Oceanographic Institute, Roshydromet</institution>
     <city>Saint-Petersburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный океанографический институт имени Н.Н.Зубова, Росгидромет</institution>
     <city>Санкт-Петербург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Zubov State Oceanographic Institute, Roshydromet</institution>
     <city>Saint-Petersburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный океанографический институт имени Н. Н. Зубова</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Zubov State Oceanographic Institute</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-10T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>10</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-10T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>10</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>23</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>1</fpage>
   <lpage>23</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-22T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>22</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2022</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-04-05T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>05</day>
     <month>04</month>
     <year>2023</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/52576/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/52576/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Основная цель работы – оценить возможности данных регионального реанализа NEMO 3,6 (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean) для реалистичного описания стерических колебаний уровня Балтийского моря и исследовать с помощью этих данных пространственно-временную структуру, а также возможные причины современных изменений уровня моря, вызванных вариациями плотности воды, в диапазоне межгодовых и сезонных масштабов изменчивости. С помощью оценки различных статистических критериев точности проводится сравнение рядов стерических колебаний уровня, рассчитанных по контактным измерениям температуры и солёности на океанографических станциях и по данным регионального реанализа. Показано, что данные реанализа позволяют достаточно точно воспроизводить наблюдающиеся стерические колебания уровня Балтийского моря. Впервые исследованы пространственные изменения величин линейных трендов стерических колебаний, которые свидетельствуют, что в рассматриваемый период 1993–2020 гг. в открытой Балтике и на западе Финского залива происходит, в основном, понижение стерического уровня моря, вызванное осолонением глубинных и придонных вод, в то время как в Ботническом заливе стерический уровень растёт из-за распреснения поверхностных вод открытой Балтики, за счет которых, главным образом, происходит обновление водной массы Ботнического залива. Результаты гармонического анализа стерических колебаний уровня демонстрируют, что в диапазоне сезонной изменчивости преобладающий вклад в стерические колебания уровня оказывает годовая гармоника 𝑆a, амплитуда которой значительно превосходит амплитуды гармоник 𝑆sa, 𝑆ta и 𝑆qa. Основное влияние на сезонные стерические колебания уровня оказывает термостерическая компонента, и только на юго-западе моря отмечается существенное влияние галостерической компоненты. В рассматриваемый период в изменениях амплитуд гармоник 𝑆a, 𝑆sa, 𝑆ta и 𝑆qa в большинстве регионов Балтийского моря отмечаются положительные линейные тренды, однако на юго-западе открытой Балтики наблюдается уменьшение амплитуд всех четырёх гармоник сезонных стерических колебаний уровня. В Заключении на основе анализа и обобщения различной гидрометеорологической информации делается предположение, что выявленные современные региональные изменения стерических колебаний уровня Балтийского моря связаны с повышением температуры воздуха, увеличением атмосферных осадков, уменьшением интенсивности ветра над морем, распреснением верхнего квазиоднородного слоя и увеличением солёности глубинных и придонных вод Балтики из-за водообмена с осолоняющимися водами Северного моря.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The main purpose of the paper is to estimate the capabilities of NEMO 3.6 regional reanalysis data for a realistic description of the Baltic Sea steric level oscillations, the spatio-temporal structure research and causes of modern sea level changes, induced by fluctuations in water density, in the range of interannual and seasonal variability scales. Comparison of the steric level oscillations series calculated from contact measurements of temperature and salinity at oceanographic stations and from regional reanalysis data is carried out by evaluating various statistical accuracy criteria. The paper shows that the reanalysis data allow reproducing the Baltic Sea steric level oscillations quite accurately. Estimates of linear trends indicate that in the period 1993–2020 in the open Baltic and in the west of the Gulf of Finland, the steric sea level is mainly decreasing, while in the Gulf of Bothnia the steric level is increasing. Harmonic analysis of steric level oscillations showed that the annual harmonic 𝑆a in the range of seasonal variability makes a predominant contribution to steric level oscillations, its amplitude significantly exceeds the amplitudes of the harmonics 𝑆sa, 𝑆ta and 𝑆qa. The thermosteric component has the main influence on seasonal steric level oscillations, and only in the south-west of the sea there is a significant influence of the halosteric component. During the period under review, positive linear trends were observed in the amplitudes changes of the harmonics 𝑆a, 𝑆sa, 𝑆ta and 𝑆qa in most regions of the Baltic Sea, however, in the south-west of the open Baltic, a decrease in the amplitudes of all four harmonics of seasonal steric level oscillations was observed in the south-west part of the Open Baltic Sea. In conclusion, based on the obtained results, it is assumed that the identified modern regional changes in the Baltic Sea steric level oscillations are associated with an increase in air temperature, an increase in precipitation, a decrease in wind intensity, a desalination of the upper quasi-homogeneous layer and an increase in deep and near-bottom waters salinity caused by water exchange with salty waters of the North Sea.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>уровень моря</kwd>
    <kwd>стерические колебания</kwd>
    <kwd>термостерическая компонента</kwd>
    <kwd>галостерическая компонента</kwd>
    <kwd>линейные тренды</kwd>
    <kwd>гармонический анализ</kwd>
    <kwd>сезонная изменчивость</kwd>
    <kwd>составляющие пресного баланса</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>sea level</kwd>
    <kwd>steric oscillations</kwd>
    <kwd>thermosteric component</kwd>
    <kwd>halosteric component</kwd>
    <kwd>linear trends</kwd>
    <kwd>harmonic analysis</kwd>
    <kwd>seasonal variability</kwd>
    <kwd>freshwater balance components</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-27-00209, https://rscf.ru/project/22-27-00209/</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 22-27-00209, https://rscf.ru/project/22-27-00209/</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
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