<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">84979</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2024es000937</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">pghffw</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Optimal Interpolation Method for Generating a Digital Bathymetric Model for Shallow Waters: A Case Study over Mauritius Coast</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Optimal Interpolation Method for Generating a Digital Bathymetric Model for Shallow Waters: A Case Study over Mauritius Coast</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2301-1765</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Сатпуте</surname>
       <given-names>Шветамбари </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Satpute</surname>
       <given-names>Shwetambari </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6704-2781</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Рой</surname>
       <given-names>Субхам </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Roy</surname>
       <given-names>Subham </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0005-4833</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Гараж</surname>
       <given-names>Омкар Шашикант </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Gatage</surname>
       <given-names>Omkar Shashikant </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9379-2584</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Коласе</surname>
       <given-names>Вайбхав Баласо </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kolase</surname>
       <given-names>Vaibhav Balaso </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9420-2804</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Сингх</surname>
       <given-names>Сурадж Кумар </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Singh</surname>
       <given-names>Suraj Kumar </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3245-8094</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Дандабатхула</surname>
       <given-names>Гирибабу </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Dandabathula</surname>
       <given-names>Giribabu </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>dgb.isro@gmail.com</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Суреш Гьян Вихар</institution>
     <city>Jaipur</city>
     <country>Индия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Suresh Gyan Vihar University</institution>
     <city>Jaipur</city>
     <country>India</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Региональный центр дистанционного зондирования Земли - Запад</institution>
     <city>Jodhpur</city>
     <country>Индия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Regional Remote Sensing Centre - West</institution>
     <city>Jodhpur</city>
     <country>India</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Бхаратидасанский университет</institution>
     <country>Индия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Bharatidasan University</institution>
     <country>India</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Бхаратидасанский университет</institution>
     <country>Индия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Bharathidasan University</institution>
     <country>India</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Суреш Гьян Вихар</institution>
     <country>Индия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Suresh Gyan Vihar University</institution>
     <country>India</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Indian Space Research Organisation</institution>
     <city>Jodhpur</city>
     <country>Индия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Indian Space Research Organisation</institution>
     <city>Jodhpur</city>
     <country>India</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2024</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2024</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>24</volume>
   <issue>6</issue>
   <fpage>1</fpage>
   <lpage>15</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-04T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>04</day>
     <month>07</month>
     <year>2024</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-09-30T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>30</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2024</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/84979/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/84979/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Bathymetry unveils the underwater topography of oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes. It is a fundamental data resource for various applications, like physical oceanography, marine geology, geophysics, and marine resources. The techniques to compute the seafloor depths are ship-borne echo sensors, empirical models of satellite-derived bathymetry, and aerial-space-borne laser altimetry. The digital bathymetric surfaces are generally generated from a distributed seafloor depths. Once these depth points are collected, the next step to generate a continuous surface is to select and implement interpolation. Numerous interpolation methods have advantages and disadvantages that can hamper the accuracy of the surface, which generally depends on the shape of the extent, distribution, and point density. To date, there is no recommended interpolation method when the study extent is circular with well-distributed points – the core objective of this research is oriented towards this. An attempt was made to generate a digital bathymetric surface for the Mauritius coast with ∼ 1.2 million depth points accrued from the NASA ICESat-2 geolocated photons and sounding depths from the marine charts. These points were used as input to interpolation methods like Inverse Distance Weighted, Natural Neighbour, and various forms of Ordinary Kriging. Our findings show that all the methods have generated visually similar surfaces, but the Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation has given the output with less quantified uncertainty</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Bathymetry unveils the underwater topography of oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes. It is a fundamental data resource for various applications, like physical oceanography, marine geology, geophysics, and marine resources. The techniques to compute the seafloor depths are ship-borne echo sensors, empirical models of satellite-derived bathymetry, and aerial-space-borne laser altimetry. The digital bathymetric surfaces are generally generated from a distributed seafloor depths. Once these depth points are collected, the next step to generate a continuous surface is to select and implement interpolation. Numerous interpolation methods have advantages and disadvantages that can hamper the accuracy of the surface, which generally depends on the shape of the extent, distribution, and point density. To date, there is no recommended interpolation method when the study extent is circular with well-distributed points – the core objective of this research is oriented towards this. An attempt was made to generate a digital bathymetric surface for the Mauritius coast with ∼ 1.2 million depth points accrued from the NASA ICESat-2 geolocated photons and sounding depths from the marine charts. These points were used as input to interpolation methods like Inverse Distance Weighted, Natural Neighbour, and various forms of Ordinary Kriging. Our findings show that all the methods have generated visually similar surfaces, but the Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation has given the output with less quantified uncertainty</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Bathymetry</kwd>
    <kwd>Interpolation</kwd>
    <kwd>LiDAR</kwd>
    <kwd>Inverse Distance Weighted</kwd>
    <kwd>Natural Neighbour</kwd>
    <kwd>Kriging</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Bathymetry</kwd>
    <kwd>Interpolation</kwd>
    <kwd>LiDAR</kwd>
    <kwd>Inverse Distance Weighted</kwd>
    <kwd>Natural Neighbour</kwd>
    <kwd>Kriging</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">The authors gratefully acknowledge the science teams of ICESat-2 for providing access to the data. This work was conducted with the infrastructure provided by the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), for which the authors were indebted to the Director, NRSC, Hyderabad. We acknowledge the continued support and scientific insights from Dr. S. K. Srivastav and Dr. Apurba Kumar Bera, Mr. Rakesh Fararoda, Mr. Sagar S. Salunkhe, Mr. Hansraj Meena, and other staff members of Regional Remote Sensing Centre – West, NRSC/ISRO, Jodhpur. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors gratefully acknowledge the science teams of ICESat-2 for providing access to the data. This work was conducted with the infrastructure provided by the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), for which the authors were indebted to the Director, NRSC, Hyderabad. We acknowledge the continued support and scientific insights from Dr. S. K. Srivastav and Dr. Apurba Kumar Bera, Mr. Rakesh Fararoda, Mr. Sagar S. Salunkhe, Mr. Hansraj Meena, and other staff members of Regional Remote Sensing Centre – West, NRSC/ISRO, Jodhpur. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amoroso, P. P., U. Falchi, F. G. Figliomeni, and A. Vallario (2023), The Influence of Interpolation Methods and point density on the Accuracy of a Bathymetric Model, in 2023 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea; Learning to Measure Sea Health Parameters (MetroSea), pp. 148–153, IEEE, https://doi.org/10.1109/MetroSea58055.2023.10317127.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amoroso, P. P., U. Falchi, F. G. Figliomeni, and A. Vallario (2023), The Influence of Interpolation Methods and point density on the Accuracy of a Bathymetric Model, in 2023 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea; Learning to Measure Sea Health Parameters (MetroSea), pp. 148–153, IEEE, https://doi.org/10.1109/MetroSea58055.2023.10317127.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashphaq, M., P. K. Srivastava, and D. Mitra (2021), Review of near-shore satellite derived bathymetry: Classification and account of five decades of coastal bathymetry research, Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 6(4), 340–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2021.02.006.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashphaq, M., P. K. Srivastava, and D. Mitra (2021), Review of near-shore satellite derived bathymetry: Classification and account of five decades of coastal bathymetry research, Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 6(4), 340–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2021.02.006.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker, M., M. Karpytchev, and F. Papa (2019), Hotspots of Relative Sea Level Rise in the Tropics, in Tropical Extremes, pp. 203–262, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809248-4.00007-8.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker, M., M. Karpytchev, and F. Papa (2019), Hotspots of Relative Sea Level Rise in the Tropics, in Tropical Extremes, pp. 203–262, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809248-4.00007-8.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown, M. E., S. D. Arias, and M. Chesnes (2023), Review of ICESat and ICESat-2 literature to enhance applications discovery, Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 29, 100,874, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100874.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown, M. E., S. D. Arias, and M. Chesnes (2023), Review of ICESat and ICESat-2 literature to enhance applications discovery, Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 29, 100,874, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100874.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burrough, P. A., R. A. McDonnell, and C. D. Lloyd (2015), Principles of geographical information systems, 432 pp., Oxford University Press, USA.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burrough, P. A., R. A. McDonnell, and C. D. Lloyd (2015), Principles of geographical information systems, 432 pp., Oxford University Press, USA.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Childs, C. (2004), Interpolating surfaces in ArcGIS spatial analyst, ArcUser.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Childs, C. (2004), Interpolating surfaces in ArcGIS spatial analyst, ArcUser.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collet, S., T. Kidokoro, P. Karamchandani, and T. Shah (2018), Future-Year Ozone Isopleths for South Coast, San Joaquin Valley, and Maryland, Atmosphere, 9(9), 354, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090354.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collet, S., T. Kidokoro, P. Karamchandani, and T. Shah (2018), Future-Year Ozone Isopleths for South Coast, San Joaquin Valley, and Maryland, Atmosphere, 9(9), 354, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090354.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Souza, E. C. B., C. P. Kruger, and C. R. Sluter (2003), Determinação das variações volumétricas no ISTMO da ilha do mel utilizando PDGPS, Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas, 9(1), 53–74.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Souza, E. C. B., C. P. Kruger, and C. R. Sluter (2003), Determinação das variações volumétricas no ISTMO da ilha do mel utilizando PDGPS, Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas, 9(1), 53–74.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devi, P. Y., and X. Xi (2020), The impacts of climate change on the coastal zone of Mauritius, Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science), 2020(S1)(104), https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.202092213.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devi, P. Y., and X. Xi (2020), The impacts of climate change on the coastal zone of Mauritius, Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science), 2020(S1)(104), https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.202092213.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doorga, J. R. S., M. Sadien, N. A. Bheeroo, et al. (2021), Assessment and management of coastal erosion: Insights from two tropical sandy shores in Mauritius Island, Ocean &amp; Coastal Management, 212, 105,823, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105823.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doorga, J. R. S., M. Sadien, N. A. Bheeroo, et al. (2021), Assessment and management of coastal erosion: Insights from two tropical sandy shores in Mauritius Island, Ocean &amp; Coastal Management, 212, 105,823, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105823.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duvat, V. K. E., A. Anisimov, and A. K. Magnan (2020), Assessment of coastal risk reduction and adaptation-labelled responses in Mauritius Island (Indian Ocean), Regional Environmental Change, 20(4), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113 -020-01699-2.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duvat, V. K. E., A. Anisimov, and A. K. Magnan (2020), Assessment of coastal risk reduction and adaptation-labelled responses in Mauritius Island (Indian Ocean), Regional Environmental Change, 20(4), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113 -020-01699-2.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dysart, P. S. (1996), Bathymetric surface modeling: A machine learning approach, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 101(B4), 8093–8105, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03737.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dysart, P. S. (1996), Bathymetric surface modeling: A machine learning approach, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 101(B4), 8093–8105, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03737.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ESRI (2024a), GIS Software for Mapping and Spatial Analytics, https://www.esri.com.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ESRI (2024a), GIS Software for Mapping and Spatial Analytics, https://www.esri.com.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ESRI (2024b), How Kriging works, https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/tool-reference/3d-analyst/how-kriging-works.htm.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ESRI (2024b), How Kriging works, https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/tool-reference/3d-analyst/how-kriging-works.htm.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira, I. O., D. D. Rodrigues, G. Rodrigues dos Santos, and L. M. F. Rosa (2017), In bathymetric surfaces: IDW or Kriging?, Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas, 23(3), 493–508, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-21702017000300033.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira, I. O., D. D. Rodrigues, G. Rodrigues dos Santos, and L. M. F. Rosa (2017), In bathymetric surfaces: IDW or Kriging?, Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas, 23(3), 493–508, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-21702017000300033.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GAGE Facility (2021), Geoid Height Calculator, https://www.unavco.org/software/geodetic-utilities/geoid-heightcalculator/geoid-height-calculator.html.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAGE Facility (2021), Geoid Height Calculator, https://www.unavco.org/software/geodetic-utilities/geoid-heightcalculator/geoid-height-calculator.html.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giribabu, D., R. Hari, J. Sharma, et al. (2023), Prerequisite Condition of Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient Kd(490) for Detecting Seafloor from ICESat-2 Geolocated Photons During Shallow Water Bathymetry, Hydrology, 11(1), 11, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hyd.20231101.12.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giribabu, D., R. Hari, J. Sharma, et al. (2023), Prerequisite Condition of Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient Kd(490) for Detecting Seafloor from ICESat-2 Geolocated Photons During Shallow Water Bathymetry, Hydrology, 11(1), 11, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hyd.20231101.12.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giribabu, D., R. Hari, J. Sharma, et al. (2024), Performance assessment of GEBCO_2023 gridded bathymetric data in selected shallow waters of Indian ocean using the seafloor from ICESat-2 photons, Marine Geophysical Research, 45(1), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-023-09534-z.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giribabu, D., R. Hari, J. Sharma, et al. (2024), Performance assessment of GEBCO_2023 gridded bathymetric data in selected shallow waters of Indian ocean using the seafloor from ICESat-2 photons, Marine Geophysical Research, 45(1), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-023-09534-z.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo, X., X. Jin, and S. Jin (2022), Shallow Water Bathymetry Mapping from ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 Based on BP Neural Network Model, Water, 14(23), 3862, https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233862.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo, X., X. Jin, and S. Jin (2022), Shallow Water Bathymetry Mapping from ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 Based on BP Neural Network Model, Water, 14(23), 3862, https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233862.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hawker, L., and J. Neal (2021), FABDEM V1-0, https://doi.org/10.5523/BRIS.25WFY0F9UKOGE2GS7A5MQPQ2J7.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hawker, L., and J. Neal (2021), FABDEM V1-0, https://doi.org/10.5523/BRIS.25WFY0F9UKOGE2GS7A5MQPQ2J7.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henrico, I. (2021), Optimal interpolation method to predict the bathymetry of Saldanha Bay, Transactions in GIS, 25(4), 1991–2009, https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12783</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henrico, I. (2021), Optimal interpolation method to predict the bathymetry of Saldanha Bay, Transactions in GIS, 25(4), 1991–2009, https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12783</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hilldale, R. C., and D. Raff (2007), Assessing the ability of airborne LiDAR to map river bathymetry, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 33(5), 773–783, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1575.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hilldale, R. C., and D. Raff (2007), Assessing the ability of airborne LiDAR to map river bathymetry, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 33(5), 773–783, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1575.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">INHO (2024), National Hydrographic Office, https://hydrobharat.gov.in.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">INHO (2024), National Hydrographic Office, https://hydrobharat.gov.in.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, J., and A. D. Heap (2014), Spatial interpolation methods applied in the environmental sciences: A review, Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, 53, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.12.008.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li, J., and A. D. Heap (2014), Spatial interpolation methods applied in the environmental sciences: A review, Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, 53, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.12.008.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, Z., Z. Peng, Z. Zhang, et al. (2023), Exploring modern bathymetry: A comprehensive review of data acquisition devices, model accuracy, and interpolation techniques for enhanced underwater mapping, Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1178845.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li, Z., Z. Peng, Z. Zhang, et al. (2023), Exploring modern bathymetry: A comprehensive review of data acquisition devices, model accuracy, and interpolation techniques for enhanced underwater mapping, Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1178845.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo, W., M. C. Taylor, and S. R. Parker (2007), A comparison of spatial interpolation methods to estimate continuous wind speed surfaces using irregularly distributed data from England and Wales, International Journal of Climatology, 28(7), 947–959, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1583.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo, W., M. C. Taylor, and S. R. Parker (2007), A comparison of spatial interpolation methods to estimate continuous wind speed surfaces using irregularly distributed data from England and Wales, International Journal of Climatology, 28(7), 947–959, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1583.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Markus, T., T. Neumann, A. Martino, et al. (2017), The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science requirements, concept, and implementation, Remote Sensing of Environment, 190, 260–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.12.029.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markus, T., T. Neumann, A. Martino, et al. (2017), The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science requirements, concept, and implementation, Remote Sensing of Environment, 190, 260–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.12.029.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mesić Kiš, I. (2016), Comparison of Ordinary and Universal Kriging interpolation techniques on a depth variable (a case of linear spatial trend), case study of the Šandrovac Field, Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik, 31(2), 41–58, https://doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2016.2.4.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mesić Kiš, I. (2016), Comparison of Ordinary and Universal Kriging interpolation techniques on a depth variable (a case of linear spatial trend), case study of the Šandrovac Field, Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik, 31(2), 41–58, https://doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2016.2.4.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Snow and Ice Data Center (2023), OpenAltimetry: Visulize and download surface elvevation data from across the Earth, over time, https://openaltimetry.earthdatacloud.nasa.gov/data/.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Snow and Ice Data Center (2023), OpenAltimetry: Visulize and download surface elvevation data from across the Earth, over time, https://openaltimetry.earthdatacloud.nasa.gov/data/.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neumann, T. A., A. J. Martino, T. Markus, et al. (2019), The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 mission: A global geolocated photon product derived from the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System, Remote Sensing of Environment, 233, 111,325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111325.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neumann, T. A., A. J. Martino, T. Markus, et al. (2019), The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 mission: A global geolocated photon product derived from the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System, Remote Sensing of Environment, 233, 111,325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111325.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B31">
    <label>31.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parrish, C., L. Magruder, A. Neuenschwander, et al. (2019), Validation of ICESat-2 ATLAS Bathymetry and Analysis of ATLAS’s Bathymetric Mapping Performance, Remote Sensing, 11(14), 1634, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141634.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parrish, C., L. Magruder, A. Neuenschwander, et al. (2019), Validation of ICESat-2 ATLAS Bathymetry and Analysis of ATLAS’s Bathymetric Mapping Performance, Remote Sensing, 11(14), 1634, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141634.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B32">
    <label>32.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pratomo, D. G., R. A. D. Safira, and O. Stefani (2023), A comparison of different GIS-based interpolation methods for bathymetric data: case study of Bawean Island, East Java, Geodesy and cartography, 49(4), 186–194, https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2023.18250.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pratomo, D. G., R. A. D. Safira, and O. Stefani (2023), A comparison of different GIS-based interpolation methods for bathymetric data: case study of Bawean Island, East Java, Geodesy and cartography, 49(4), 186–194, https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2023.18250.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B33">
    <label>33.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ranndal, H., P. Sigaard Christiansen, P. Kliving, O. Baltazar Andersen, and K. Nielsen (2021), Evaluation of a Statistical Approach for Extracting Shallow Water Bathymetry Signals from ICESat-2 ATL03 Photon Data, Remote Sensing, 13(17), 3548, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173548.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ranndal, H., P. Sigaard Christiansen, P. Kliving, O. Baltazar Andersen, and K. Nielsen (2021), Evaluation of a Statistical Approach for Extracting Shallow Water Bathymetry Signals from ICESat-2 ATL03 Photon Data, Remote Sensing, 13(17), 3548, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173548.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B34">
    <label>34.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sibson, R. (1981), A Brief Description of Natural Neighbor Interpolation, in Interpolating Multivariate Data, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sibson, R. (1981), A Brief Description of Natural Neighbor Interpolation, in Interpolating Multivariate Data, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B35">
    <label>35.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith, W. H. F., and D. T. Sandwell (1997), Global Sea Floor Topography from Satellite Altimetry and Ship Depth Soundings, Science, 277(5334), 1956–1962, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5334.1956.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith, W. H. F., and D. T. Sandwell (1997), Global Sea Floor Topography from Satellite Altimetry and Ship Depth Soundings, Science, 277(5334), 1956–1962, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5334.1956.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B36">
    <label>36.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogt, P. R., and B. E. Tucholke (1986), Imaging the ocean floor: History and state of the art, pp. 19–44, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-M.19.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogt, P. R., and B. E. Tucholke (1986), Imaging the ocean floor: History and state of the art, pp. 19–44, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-M.19.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B37">
    <label>37.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang, S., G. H. Huang, Q. G. Lin, et al. (2014), Comparison of interpolation methods for estimating spatial distribution of precipitation in Ontario, Canada, International Journal of Climatology, 34(14), 3745–3751, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3941.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, S., G. H. Huang, Q. G. Lin, et al. (2014), Comparison of interpolation methods for estimating spatial distribution of precipitation in Ontario, Canada, International Journal of Climatology, 34(14), 3745–3751, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3941.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B38">
    <label>38.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson, D. (1992), Contouring: A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data, Pergamon Press, London.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watson, D. (1992), Contouring: A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data, Pergamon Press, London.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B39">
    <label>39.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wölfl, A.-C., H. Snaith, S. Amirebrahimi, et al. (2019), Seafloor Mapping - The Challenge of a Truly Global Ocean Bathymetry, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00283.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wölfl, A.-C., H. Snaith, S. Amirebrahimi, et al. (2019), Seafloor Mapping - The Challenge of a Truly Global Ocean Bathymetry, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00283.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B40">
    <label>40.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie, C., P. Chen, D. Pan, C. Zhong, and Z. Zhang (2021), Improved Filtering of ICESat-2 Lidar Data for Nearshore Bathymetry Estimation Using Sentinel-2 Imagery, Remote Sensing, 13(21), 4303, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214303.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie, C., P. Chen, D. Pan, C. Zhong, and Z. Zhang (2021), Improved Filtering of ICESat-2 Lidar Data for Nearshore Bathymetry Estimation Using Sentinel-2 Imagery, Remote Sensing, 13(21), 4303, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214303.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
