<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">89109</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2025ES000989</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">eioxxj</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Fractal Characteristics of the Auroral Oval Structure According to the All-Sky Camera Data in Apatity for 2013–2020</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Фрактальные характеристики структуры аврорального овала по данным камеры всего неба в Апатитах за 2013–2020 гг.</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2738-2443</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Козелов</surname>
       <given-names>Борис Владимирович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kozelov</surname>
       <given-names>Boris Vladimirovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>bob-koz@yandex.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Полярный геофизический институт</institution>
     <city>Апатиты</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Polar Geophysical Institute</institution>
     <city>Apatity</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Полярный геофизический институт</institution>
     <city>Апатиты</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Polar Geophysical Institute</institution>
     <city>Apatity</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-07T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>07</day>
    <month>04</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-07T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>07</day>
    <month>04</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>25</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>1</fpage>
   <lpage>11</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-30T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>30</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2024</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-15T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>15</day>
     <month>01</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/89109/view">https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/89109/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Пространственная структура полярных сияний описывается фрактальной размерностью флуктуаций свечения и ее анизотропией в зависимости от направления. Фрактальная размерность оценивается из наклона в логарифмических осях спектра в диапазоне 1,5–50 км, полученного дискретным вейвлет-преобразованием флуктуаций интенсивности свечения с использованием вейвлетов Добеши 5 порядка. Вариабельность структур характеризуется наклоном спектра вариации анизотропии во времени. Приведена статистика этих характеристик по данным наземной камеры всего неба (All-Sky camera) Полярного геофизического института в г. Апатиты за 2013–2020 годы и сделана привязка по положению внутри аврорального овала и значениям геомагнитного поля в обсерватории «Ловозеро». Обсуждается алгоритм моделирования структуры полярных сияний по данным характеристикам.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The spatial structure of polar auroras is described by the fractal dimension of glow fluctuations and its anisotropy from direction. The fractal dimension is estimated from the slope in the logarithmic axes of the spectrum in the range of 1.5–50 km, obtained through discrete wavelet transformation of the intensity fluctuation of the glow using Daubechies wavelets of order 5. The variability of the structures is characterized by the slope of the anisotropy variation spectrum over time. The statistics of these characteristics are presented according to the data of the ground-based all-sky camera of the Polar Geophysical Institute in Apatity for 2013–2020 and referenced to the position inside the auroral oval and the values of the geomagnetic field at Lovozero observatory. An algorithm for modeling the structure of polar auroras based on these characteristics is discussed.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>аврора</kwd>
    <kwd>суббуря</kwd>
    <kwd>высыпания частиц</kwd>
    <kwd>высокоширотная ионосфера</kwd>
    <kwd>скейлинг</kwd>
    <kwd>фрактальный индекс</kwd>
    <kwd>анизотропия</kwd>
    <kwd>пульсирующие полярные сияния</kwd>
    <kwd>фаза расширения</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>aurora</kwd>
    <kwd>substorm</kwd>
    <kwd>particle precipitation</kwd>
    <kwd>high-latitude ionosphere</kwd>
    <kwd>scaling</kwd>
    <kwd>fractal index</kwd>
    <kwd>anisotropy</kwd>
    <kwd>pulsating auroras</kwd>
    <kwd>expansion phase</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Автор благодарит Дж. Х. Кинг и Н. Папаташвилли (J. H. King, N. Papatashvilli) (Adnet Systems, NASA GSFC) за данные базы OMNI. Работа поддержана грантом РНФ и Министерства образования и науки Мурманской области № 22–12–20017 «Пространственно-временные структуры в околоземном космическом пространстве Арктики: от полярных сияний через особенности самоорганизации плазмы к прохождению радиоволн».</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The author thanks J. H. King and N. Papatashvilli (Adnet Systems, NASA GSFC) for the OMNI database data. This work was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Murmansk Region No. 22–12–20017 “Spatio-temporal structures in the near-Earth space of the Arctic: from polar auroras through features of plasma self-organization to the passage of radio waves”.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головчанская И. В., Козелов Б. В. Диапазон масштабов альфвеновской турбулентности в верхней ионосфере авроральной зоны // Космические исследования. — 2016. — Т. 54, № 1. — С. 52—57. — DOI: 10.7868/S002342061601009X.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovchanskaya I. V., Kozelov B. V. The range of Alfvénic turbulence scales in the topside auroral ionosphere // Cosmic Research. — 2016. — Vol. 54, no. 1. — P. 47–51. — DOI: 10.1134/s0010952516010093.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козелов Б. В., Ролдугин А. В. Фрактальные характеристики структуры аврорального овала на основе экспериментальных данных // 47-й ежегодный Апатитский семинар «Физика авроральных явлений». Тезисы докладов. — Апатиты : Полярный геофизический институт, 2024. — С. 30.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozelov B. V., Roldugin A. V. Fractal characteristics of the auroral oval structure based on experimental data // The 47th Annual Seminar «Physics of Auroral Phenomena». Abstracts. — Apatity : Polar Geophysical Institute, 2024. — P. 30. — (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Суворова З. В., Мингалев И. В., Козелов Б. В. Влияние пространственных размеров областей высыпания электронов на прохождение КВ сигналов // Материалы 20-й Международной конференции «Современные проблемы дистанционного зондирования Земли из космоса». — Институт космических исследований РАН, 2022. — DOI: 10.21046/20DZZconf-2022a.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suvorova Z. V., Mingalev I. V., Kozelov B. V. The Effect of Spatial Dimensions of Electron Precipitation Regions on the Passage of HF Signals // Proceedings of the 20th International Conference «Modern Problems of Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space». — Space Research Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. — DOI: 10.21046/20DZZconf-2022a. — (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харгривс Дж. К. Верхняя атмосфера и солнечно-земные связи: Введение в физику околоземной космической среды. — Ленинград : Гидрометеоиздат, 1982.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hargreaves J. K. The Upper Atmosphere and Solar-Terrestrial Relations: An introduction to the aerospace environment. — Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat, 1982. — (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abry P., Flandrin P., Taqqu M. S., et al. Wavelets for the Analysis, Estimation, and Synthesis of Scaling Data // Self-Similar Network Traffic and Performance Evaluation. — Wiley, 2000. — P. 39–88. — DOI: 10.1002/047120644x.ch2.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abry P., Flandrin P., Taqqu M. S., et al. Wavelets for the Analysis, Estimation, and Synthesis of Scaling Data // Self-Similar Network Traffic and Performance Evaluation. — Wiley, 2000. — P. 39–88. — DOI: 10.1002/047120644x.ch2.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akasofu S.-I. Polar and Magnetospheric Substorms. — Springer Netherlands, 1968. — DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3461-6.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akasofu S.-I. Polar and Magnetospheric Substorms. — Springer Netherlands, 1968. — DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3461-6.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang T. Self-organized criticality, multi-fractal spectra, sporadic localized reconnections and intermittent turbulence in the magnetotail // Physics of Plasmas. — 1999. — Vol. 6, no. 11. — P. 4137–4145. — DOI: 10.1063/1.873678.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang T. Self-organized criticality, multi-fractal spectra, sporadic localized reconnections and intermittent turbulence in the magnetotail // Physics of Plasmas. — 1999. — Vol. 6, no. 11. — P. 4137–4145. — DOI: 10.1063/1.873678.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chernyshov A. A., Kozelov B. V., Mogilevsky M. M. Study of auroral ionosphere using percolation theory and fractal geometry // Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. — 2017. — Vol. 161. — P. 127–133. — DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2017.06.013.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernyshov A. A., Kozelov B. V., Mogilevsky M. M. Study of auroral ionosphere using percolation theory and fractal geometry // Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. — 2017. — Vol. 161. — P. 127–133. — DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2017.06.013.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chernyshov A. A., Mogilevsky M. M., Kozelov B. V. Use of fractal approach to investigate ionospheric conductivity in the auroral zone // Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. — 2013. — Vol. 118, no. 7. — P. 4108–4118. — DOI: 10.1002/jgra.50321.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernyshov A. A., Mogilevsky M. M., Kozelov B. V. Use of fractal approach to investigate ionospheric conductivity in the auroral zone // Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. — 2013. — Vol. 118, no. 7. — P. 4108–4118. — DOI: 10.1002/jgra.50321.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feldstein Y. I., Starkov G. V. Dynamics of auroral belt and polar geomagnetic disturbances // Planetary and Space Science. — 1967. — Vol. 15, no. 2. — P. 209–229. — DOI: 10.1016/0032-0633(67)90190-0.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feldstein Y. I., Starkov G. V. Dynamics of auroral belt and polar geomagnetic disturbances // Planetary and Space Science. — 1967. — Vol. 15, no. 2. — P. 209–229. — DOI: 10.1016/0032-0633(67)90190-0.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardy D. A., Gussenhoven M. S., Holeman E. A statistical model of auroral electron precipitation // Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. — 1985. — Vol. 90, A5. — P. 4229–4248. — DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia05p04229.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardy D. A., Gussenhoven M. S., Holeman E. A statistical model of auroral electron precipitation // Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. — 1985. — Vol. 90, A5. — P. 4229–4248. — DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia05p04229.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozelov B. V. Fractal approach to description of the auroral structure // Annales Geophysicae. — 2003. — Vol. 21, no. 9. — P. 2011–2023. — DOI: 10.5194/angeo-21-2011-2003.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozelov B. V. Fractal approach to description of the auroral structure // Annales Geophysicae. — 2003. — Vol. 21, no. 9. — P. 2011–2023. — DOI: 10.5194/angeo-21-2011-2003.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozelov B. V., Golovchanskaya I. V. Derivation of aurora scaling parameters from ground-based imaging observations: Numerical tests // Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. — 2010. — Vol. 115, A2. — DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014484.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozelov B. V., Golovchanskaya I. V. Derivation of aurora scaling parameters from ground-based imaging observations: Numerical tests // Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. — 2010. — Vol. 115, A2. — DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014484.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozelov B. V., Pilgaev S. V., Borovkov L. P., et al. Multi-scale auroral observations in Apatity: winter 2010-2011 // Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems. — 2012. — Vol. 1, no. 1. — P. 1–6. — DOI: 10.5194/gi-1-1-2012.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozelov B. V., Pilgaev S. V., Borovkov L. P., et al. Multi-scale auroral observations in Apatity: winter 2010-2011 // Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems. — 2012. — Vol. 1, no. 1. — P. 1–6. — DOI: 10.5194/gi-1-1-2012.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozelov B. V., Titova E. E. Conjunction Ground Triangulation of Auroras and Magnetospheric Processes Observed by the Van Allen Probe Satellite near 6 Re // Universe. — 2023. — Vol. 9, no. 8. — P. 353. — DOI: 10.3390/universe9080353.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozelov B. V., Titova E. E. Conjunction Ground Triangulation of Auroras and Magnetospheric Processes Observed by the Van Allen Probe Satellite near 6 Re // Universe. — 2023. — Vol. 9, no. 8. — P. 353. — DOI: 10.3390/universe9080353.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozelov B. V., Uritsky V. M., Klimas A. J. Power law probability distributions of multiscale auroral dynamics from groundbased TV observations // Geophysical Research Letters. — 2004. — Vol. 31, no. 20. — DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020962.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozelov B. V., Uritsky V. M., Klimas A. J. Power law probability distributions of multiscale auroral dynamics from groundbased TV observations // Geophysical Research Letters. — 2004. — Vol. 31, no. 20. — DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020962.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozelov B. V., Vorobjev V. G., Titova E. E., et al. Diagnostics of the High-Latitude Ionosphere and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Auroral Precipitations // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. — 2024. — Vol. 88, no. 3. — P. 394–399. — DOI: 10.1134/S1062873823705573.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozelov B. V., Vorobjev V. G., Titova E. E., et al. Diagnostics of the High-Latitude Ionosphere and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Auroral Precipitations // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. — 2024. — Vol. 88, no. 3. — P. 394–399. — DOI: 10.1134/S1062873823705573.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milan S. E., Evans T. A., Hubert B. Average auroral configuration parameterized by geomagnetic activity and solar wind conditions // Annales Geophysicae. — 2010. — Vol. 28, no. 4. — P. 1003–1012. — DOI: 10.5194/angeo-28-1003-2010.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milan S. E., Evans T. A., Hubert B. Average auroral configuration parameterized by geomagnetic activity and solar wind conditions // Annales Geophysicae. — 2010. — Vol. 28, no. 4. — P. 1003–1012. — DOI: 10.5194/angeo-28-1003-2010.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newell P. T., Liou K., Zhang Y., et al. OVATION Prime-2013: Extension of auroral precipitation model to higher disturbance levels // Space Weather. — 2014. — Vol. 12, no. 6. — P. 368–379. — DOI: 10.1002/2014SW001056.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newell P. T., Liou K., Zhang Y., et al. OVATION Prime-2013: Extension of auroral precipitation model to higher disturbance levels // Space Weather. — 2014. — Vol. 12, no. 6. — P. 368–379. — DOI: 10.1002/2014SW001056.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oguti T. Similarity between global auroral deformations in DAPP photographs and small scale deformations observed by a TV camera // Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. — 1975. — Vol. 37, no. 11. — P. 1413–1418. — DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(75)90070-7.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oguti T. Similarity between global auroral deformations in DAPP photographs and small scale deformations observed by a TV camera // Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. — 1975. — Vol. 37, no. 11. — P. 1413–1418. — DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(75)90070-7.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vorobjev V. G., Yagodkina O. I., Katkalov Yu. V. Auroral Precipitation Model and its applications to ionospheric and magnetospheric studies // Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. — 2013. — Vol. 102. — P. 157–171. — DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.05.007.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorobjev V. G., Yagodkina O. I., Katkalov Yu. V. Auroral Precipitation Model and its applications to ionospheric and magnetospheric studies // Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. — 2013. — Vol. 102. — P. 157–171. — DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.05.007.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
