Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 1681-1208 91427 10.2205/2025es001009 tentph ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ORIGINAL ARTICLES ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ Some Aspects of Victory Day 2024 Geomagnetic Storm Occurred on May 10–12, 2024, Using Satellite and Ground-Based Data Some Aspects of Victory Day 2024 Geomagnetic Storm Occurred on May 10–12, 2024, Using Satellite and Ground-Based Data https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4692-9643 Чернышов Александр Александрович Chernyshov Alexander Aleksandrovich achernyshov@cosmos.ru

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-6612 Клименко Максим Klimenko Maxim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8724-9196 Синевич Александр Sinevich Aleksandr https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0576-5443 Тимченко Александр Владимирович Timchenko Aleksandr Vladimirovich aleksandr.timchenko77@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-4978 Носиков Игорь Nosikov Igor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5809-0921 Чугунин Дмитрий Chugunin Dmitry Янковский Илья Yankovsky Ilia Институт космических исследований Российской академии наук Россия Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Science Russian Federation Западное отделение Института земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова Российской академии наук Россия West Department of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation Институт космических исследований Российской академии наук Россия Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Science Russian Federation Институт земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. А.В. Пушкова РАН Россия Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation Калининградский филиал Института земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова РАН Калининград Россия West Department of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation RAS Kaliningrad Russian Federation Западное отделение Института земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова Российской академии наук Россия West Department of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation Институт космических исследований Российской академии наук Россия Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Science Russian Federation Западное отделение Института земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова Российской академии наук Россия West Department of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation 07 10 2025 07 10 2025 25 5 ES5011 21 04 2025 02 07 2025 https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/91427/view

The presented work examines the extreme geomagnetic storm that occurred during May 10–12, 2024, following solar flares on May 8–9, 2024, hence named the Victory Day Storm. This event, marked as the most intense geomagnetic storm of the 21st century to date, caused significant disturbances not only in the auroral zone but also in the subauroral and mid-latitude ionosphere. Using data from satellites, ground-based ionosondes, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, and all-sky cameras located in the Kaliningrad region, this research tracks how the coronal mass ejection from the Sun led to substantial changes in ionospheric plasma density, structure, and dynamics. Notably, auroras were observed in the subauroral and mid-latitudes, which is a rare phenomenon at these latitudes, providing valuable information on the ionospheric response to extreme geomagnetic activity. Swarm and DMSP satellite data identified polarization jet/SAID as U-shaped structures on ionograms, while Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancements (STEVE) was observed by an all-sky camera along with increased Rate of Total Electron Content Index (ROTI). A diffuse aurora with a moving omega structure, as well as ray and corona auroral features, were observed, accompanied by a significant ROTI increase and enhanced scattering of the auroral Es layer on ionograms.

The presented work examines the extreme geomagnetic storm that occurred during May 10–12, 2024, following solar flares on May 8–9, 2024, hence named the Victory Day Storm. This event, marked as the most intense geomagnetic storm of the 21st century to date, caused significant disturbances not only in the auroral zone but also in the subauroral and mid-latitude ionosphere. Using data from satellites, ground-based ionosondes, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, and all-sky cameras located in the Kaliningrad region, this research tracks how the coronal mass ejection from the Sun led to substantial changes in ionospheric plasma density, structure, and dynamics. Notably, auroras were observed in the subauroral and mid-latitudes, which is a rare phenomenon at these latitudes, providing valuable information on the ionospheric response to extreme geomagnetic activity. Swarm and DMSP satellite data identified polarization jet/SAID as U-shaped structures on ionograms, while Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancements (STEVE) was observed by an all-sky camera along with increased Rate of Total Electron Content Index (ROTI). A diffuse aurora with a moving omega structure, as well as ray and corona auroral features, were observed, accompanied by a significant ROTI increase and enhanced scattering of the auroral Es layer on ionograms.

 Extreme geomagnetic storm; Optical phenomenon Satellite and ground-based means Solar-Terrestrial Relations Ionosphere Auroras STEVE PJ/SAID Extreme geomagnetic storm; Optical phenomenon Satellite and ground-based means Solar-Terrestrial Relations Ionosphere Auroras STEVE PJ/SAID The DMSP data is available on the website https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/satdataservices.html. The Swarm data can be accessed through: ftp://swarm-diss.eo.esa.int. Geomagnetic activity index data is accessed from the World Geomagnetism Data Center in Kyoto http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/Dstae/index.html. Solar wind data is available on the website https://services.swpc.noaa.gov. The authors also thank J. H. King, N. Papatashvilli at AdnetSystems, NASA GSFC and CDAWeb for providing the OMNI data (http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp_public/). The work of AACh, AAS and DVCh on processing, interpretation and analysis of satellite data, geomagnetic indices was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 25-12-00059). The DMSP data is available on the website https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/satdataservices.html. The Swarm data can be accessed through: ftp://swarm-diss.eo.esa.int. Geomagnetic activity index data is accessed from the World Geomagnetism Data Center in Kyoto http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/Dstae/index.html. Solar wind data is available on the website https://services.swpc.noaa.gov. The authors also thank J. H. King, N. Papatashvilli at AdnetSystems, NASA GSFC and CDAWeb for providing the OMNI data (http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp_public/). The work of AACh, AAS and DVCh on processing, interpretation and analysis of satellite data, geomagnetic indices was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 25-12-00059).

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