Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 1681-1208 97252 10.2205/2026es001080 npdxnu ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ORIGINAL ARTICLES ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ On the Choice of Tidal Forcing at the Open Boundaries in a High-Resolution Regional Kara Sea Model On the Choice of Tidal Forcing at the Open Boundaries in a High-Resolution Regional Kara Sea Model https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-4191 Мартьянов Станислав Дмитриевич Martyanov Stanislav Dmitrievich martyanov.sd@gmail.com

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9334-3138 Дворников Антон Юрьевич Dvornikov Anton Yurievich

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1190-3622 Сеин Дмитрий Владимирович Sein Dmitry Vladimirovich

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3270-4539 Горчаков Виктор Анатольевич Gorchakov Victor Anatolievich

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Институт Океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН Москва Россия Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation Институт океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН Россия Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation Институт океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН Россия Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Россия Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Russian Federation Институт океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАН Россия Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation 28 04 2026 28 04 2026 26 1 ES1021 08 04 2025 05 11 2025 https://rjes.ru/en/nauka/article/97252/view

Tidal dynamics play an important role in Kara Sea circulation, influencing currents, sea ice formation, and biogeochemical processes. However, accurate numerical simulation of these processes in regional models depends on the choice of tidal forcing at open lateral boundaries. This study evaluates the performance of three tidal models – TPXO9, FES2014, and Arc2kmTM as sources of boundary forcing for a high-resolution regional Kara Sea model based on MITgcm numerical kernel. The goal is to identify the optimal tidal forcing that best aligns with observations from coastal stations. Numerical experiments have revealed significant discrepancies in tidal energy estimates among the models. The FES2014 model has shown the closest agreement to observations, while Arc2kmTM exhibits the largest errors. However, when used as boundary forcing in the regional Kara Sea model, Arc2kmTM yields the smallest errors in simulated tidal amplitude and phase. Overall, the regional model reproduces M2 tidal amplitudes well but introduces slight phase shifts in the southwestern part of the Kara Sea. Our findings emphasize that no single tidal model can be considered universally optimal. The choice depends on regional conditions and modeling objectives. For our regional model, Arc2kmTM is recommended as a source of tidal forcing at the open boundaries of the regional model, though global models like FES2014 remain viable alternatives. This work emphasizes the need for improved validation methods and highlights the challenges posed by limited observational data in the Arctic region.

Tidal dynamics play an important role in Kara Sea circulation, influencing currents, sea ice formation, and biogeochemical processes. However, accurate numerical simulation of these processes in regional models depends on the choice of tidal forcing at open lateral boundaries. This study evaluates the performance of three tidal models – TPXO9, FES2014, and Arc2kmTM as sources of boundary forcing for a high-resolution regional Kara Sea model based on MITgcm numerical kernel. The goal is to identify the optimal tidal forcing that best aligns with observations from coastal stations. Numerical experiments have revealed significant discrepancies in tidal energy estimates among the models. The FES2014 model has shown the closest agreement to observations, while Arc2kmTM exhibits the largest errors. However, when used as boundary forcing in the regional Kara Sea model, Arc2kmTM yields the smallest errors in simulated tidal amplitude and phase. Overall, the regional model reproduces M2 tidal amplitudes well but introduces slight phase shifts in the southwestern part of the Kara Sea. Our findings emphasize that no single tidal model can be considered universally optimal. The choice depends on regional conditions and modeling objectives. For our regional model, Arc2kmTM is recommended as a source of tidal forcing at the open boundaries of the regional model, though global models like FES2014 remain viable alternatives. This work emphasizes the need for improved validation methods and highlights the challenges posed by limited observational data in the Arctic region.

 Kara Sea tide numerical modeling tidal forcing open boundary Kara Sea tide numerical modeling tidal forcing open boundary The research was carried out within the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for IO RAS (theme No. FMWE2024-0028). This work used resources of the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID ba1206. The research was carried out within the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for IO RAS (theme No. FMWE2024-0028). This work used resources of the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID ba1206.

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