Tehran, Иран
Gyumri, Армения
Tehran, Иран
Gyumri, Армения
ГРНТИ 37.01 Общие вопросы геофизики
ГРНТИ 37.15 Геомагнетизм и высокие слои атмосферы
ГРНТИ 37.25 Океанология
ГРНТИ 37.31 Физика Земли
ГРНТИ 38.01 Общие вопросы геологии
Many questions have been raised about the thermal-mechanical development of plate tectonics boundary interactions, lithospheric processes, mantle activity, movement of faults, continental thinning, and generally the heat beneath our feet. The earthquake waves are originating in the Earth’s crust or upper mantle, which ricochet around the earth's interior and traveling most rapidly through cold, dense regions, and more slowly through hotter rocks. In this paper, in order to identify and describe the Caucasus territory Hot-Cold spots and better understand the regional tectonic activities based on the fast and slow wave velocity anomalies, the 2D tomographic maps of Rayleigh wave dispersion curves were imaged. To obtain these maps in the ever-evolving collision zone of the Eurasian-Arabic plates, we performed a 2D-linear inversion procedure on the Rayleigh wave in a period ranging from 5 to 70 s (depth ~200 km). To conduct this, ~1500 local-regional earthquakes (M≥3.7) recorded by the 48 broadband-short period stations from 1999 to 2018 were used. In this study, we assumed that the low-velocity tomography images or dark red-orange shades indicate hot spots (slow-regions) and high-velocity or dark blue-green-yellow shades imply cold spots (fast-regions). Therefore, by using the technique of increasing-decreasing the velocity anomaly in a wide area with complicated tectonic units the hot-zones and extensive cold-aseismic areas were described and investigated. Hence, for short-periods (5≤T≤25 s; 6.6≤depth≤30.8 km) 15 hot spots were determined. The result for medium-periods (30≤T≤45 s) show two hot spots with a depth of ~108 km. In long-periods (depth ~200 km), most part of the study area has covered by ultra-low-velocity anomaly as a permanent hot spots.
Caucasus territory, Hot-Cold spots determination, 2D surface wave tomography, Geothermal resources, 2D linear inversion
1. Adamia, S., G. Zakariadze, T. Chkhotua, N. Sadradze, N. Tsereteli, A. Chabukiani, and A. Gventsadze, Geology of the Caucasus: A Review, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, doihttps://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1005-11, 2011.
2. Aghazadeh, M., A. Castro, N. R. Omran, M. H. Emami, H. Moinvaziri, and Z. Badrzadeh, The gabbro (shoshonitic)-monzonite-granodiorite association of Khankandi pluton, Alborz Mountains, NW Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 38(5), 199-219, doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.01.002, 2010.
3. Angus, D. A., D. C. Wilson, E. Sandvol, and J. F. Ni, Lithospheric structure of the Arabian and Eurasian collision zone in eastern Turkey from S-wave receiver functions, Geophysical Journal International, 166(3), 1335-1346, doihttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.03070.x, 2006.
4. Backus, G., and F. Gilbert, The Resolving Power of Gross Earth Data, Geophysical Journal International, 16(2), 169-205, doihttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1968.tb00216.x, 1968.
5. Bavali, K., K. Motaghi, F. Sobouti, A. Ghods, M. Abbasi, K. Priestley, G. Mortezanejad, and M. Rezaeian, Lithospheric structure beneath NW Iran using regional and teleseismic travel-time tomography, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 253, 97-107, doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2016.02.006, 2016.
6. Bochud, M., Tectonics of the eastern greater caucasus in Azerbaijan, Phd thesis in tectonics and general geology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland, geoFocus, 30, thesis No: 1733, 2011.
7. Chernyshev, I. V., V. Lebedev, S. N. Bubnov, M. M. Arakelyants, and Y. V. Gol’tsman, Isotopic geochronology of Quaternary volcanic eruptions in the Greater Caucasus, Geochemistry International, 40, 1042-1055, 2002.
8. Copley, A., and J. Jackson, Active tectonics of the Turkish-Iranian Plateau, Tectonics, 25(6), doihttps://doi.org/10.1029/2005tc001906, 2006.
9. Danelian, T., A. Zambetakis-Lekkas, G. Galoyan, M. Sosson, G. Asatryan, B. Hubert, and A. Grigoryan, Reconstructing Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) paleoenvironments in Armenia based on Radiolaria and benthic Foraminifera; implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Tethyan realm in the Lesser Caucasus, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 413, 123-132, doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.03.011, 2014.
10. Ditmar, P. G., and T. B. Yanovskaya, Generalization of Backus-Gilbert method for estimation of lateral variations of surface wave velocities, Izvestia, Phys. Solid Earth, 23(6), 470-477, 1987.
11. Duru, O., and M. Keskin, Magmatic Evolution of the ALADAĞ Volcanic System and Southern Edge of the Erzurum-Kars Volcanic Plateau (SARIKAMIŞ, City of Kars, NE Turkey), doi:21626, 2020.
12. Foulger, G. R., Plates vs Plumes: A Geological Controversy, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
13. Gheitanchi, M. R., Crustal structure in NW in Iran, revealed from the 1990 Rudbar aftershock sequence, J. Earth Space Phys., (23), 7-14, 1996.
14. Golonka, J., Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Tectonophysics, 381(1-4), 235-273, doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2002.06.004, 2004.
15. Hatzfeld, D., and P. Molnar, Comparisons of the kinematics and deep structures of the Zagros and Himalaya and of the Iranian and Tibetan plateaus and geodynamic implications, Reviews of Geophysics, 48(2), doihttps://doi.org/10.1029/2009rg000304, 2010.
16. Herrmann, R. B., Computer Programs in Seismology: An Evolving Tool for Instruction and Research, Seismological Research Letters, 84(6), 1081-1088, doihttps://doi.org/10.1785/0220110096, 2013.
17. Ismail-Zadeh, A., S. Adamia, A. Chabukiani, T. Chelidze, S. Cloetingh, M. Floyd, A. Gorshkov, A. Gvishiani, T. Ismail-Zadeh, M. K. Kaban, F. Kadirov, J. Karapetyan, T. Kangarli, J. Kiria, I. Koulakov, J. Mosar, T. Mumladze, B. Müller, N. Sadradze, R. Safarov, F. Schilling, and A. Soloviev, Geodynamics, seismicity, and seismic hazards of the Caucasus, Earth-Science Reviews, 207, 103222, doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103222, 2020.
18. Jackson, J., Partitioning of strike-slip and convergent motion between Eurasia and Arabia in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(B9), 12471, doihttps://doi.org/10.1029/92jb00944, 1992.
19. Jrbashyan, R., G. Chlingaryan, Y. Kagramanov, A. Karapetyan, M. Satian, Y. Sayadyan, and H. Mkrtchyan, Geology of Meso-Cenozoic Basins in Central Armenia, with Comment on Indications of Hydrocarbons, Search and Discovery, (30007), 2001.
20. Karapetyan, J. K., R. S. Sargsyan, K. S. Kazaryan, B. V. Dzeranov, B. A. Dzeboev, and R. Karapetyan, Current state of exploration and actual problems of tectonics, seismology and seismotectonics of Armenia, Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20(2), 1-14, doihttps://doi.org/10.2205/2020es000709, 2020.
21. Klett, T. R., Geology and assessment of the undiscovered, technically recoverable petroleum resources of Armenia, 2013, doihttps://doi.org/10.3133/ds69pp, 2016.
22. Koulakov, I., I. Zabelina, I. Amanatashvili, and V. Meskhia, Nature of orogenesis and volcanism in the Caucasus region based on results of regional tomography, Solid Earth, 3(2), 327-337, doihttps://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-327-2012, 2012.
23. Mangino, S., and K. Priestley, The crustal structure of the southern Caspian region, Geophysical Journal International, 133(3), 630-648, doihttps://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00520.x, 1998.
24. Martin, R., M. Krasovec, S. Romer, T. O'Connor, E. G. Bombolakis, Y. Sun, and N. Toksoz, Caucasus Seismic Information Network: Data and Analysis Final Report, Tech. rep., doihttps://doi.org/10.2172/899760, 2007.
25. Milanovski, E. E., Sevan Basin, Geology of Armenian SSR, Geomorphology, (1), 133-135, (In Russian), 1962.
26. Milyukov, V., E. Rogozhin, A. Gorbatikov, A. Mironov, A. Myasnikov, and M. Stepanova, Contemporary State of the Elbrus Volcanic Center (The Northern Caucasus), Pure and Applied Geophysics, 175(5), 1889-1907, doihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1595-x, 2017.
27. Oyan, V., Geochemical and petrologic evolution of Otlakbaşı basaltic volcanism to the east of Lake Van, Bulletin Of The Mineral Research and Exploration, pp. 10-20, doihttps://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.427782, 2018.
28. Özgür Karaoğlu, A. Elshaafi, M. K. Salah, J. Browning, and A. Gudmundsson, Large-volume lava flows fed by a deep magmatic reservoir at Ağrı Dağı (Ararat) volcano, Eastern Turkey, Bulletin of Volcanology, 79(2), doihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-016-1098-0, 2017.
29. Perkins, S., Seismic tomography uses earthquake waves to probe the inner Earth, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(33), 16159-16161, doihttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909777116, 2019.
30. Presnall, D. C., and G. H. Gudfinnsson, Oceanic Volcanism from the Low-velocity Zone - without Mantle Plumes, Journal of Petrology, 52(7-8), 1533-1546, doihttps://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq093, 2011.
31. Şengör, A. M. C., S. Özeren, T. Genç, and E. Zor, East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle-supported, north-south shortened domal structure, Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), doihttps://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017858, 2003.
32. Skobeltsyn, G., R. Mellors, R. Gök, N. Türkelli, G. Yetirmishli, and E. Sandvol, Upper mantle S wave velocity structure of the East Anatolian-Caucasus region, Tectonics, 33(3), 207-221, doihttps://doi.org/10.1002/2013tc003334, 2014.
33. Sokolov, S. D., Olistostrome Series and Ophiolite Nappes of the Lesser Caucasus, Nauka, Moscow, (In Russian), 1977.
34. Sosson, M., N. Kaymakci, R. Stephenson, F. Bergerat, and V. Starostenko, Sedimentary basin tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform: introduction, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 340(1), 1-10, doihttps://doi.org/10.1144/sp340.1, 2010.
35. Sugden, P. J., I. P. Savov, M. Wilson, K. Meliksetian, G. Navasardyan, and R. Halama, The Thickness of the Mantle Lithosphere and Collision-Related Volcanism in the Lesser Caucasus, Journal of Petrology, 60(2), 199-230, doihttps://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy111, 2018.
36. Thybo, H., The heterogeneous upper mantle low velocity zone, Tectonophysics, 416(1-4), 53-79, doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.11.021, 2006.
37. Wilson, J. T., A Possible Origin Of The Hawaiian Islands, Canadian Journal of Physics, 41(6), 863-870, doihttps://doi.org/10.1139/p63-094, 1963.
38. Wright, L., Earth's interior: Raising hot spots, http://www.geotimes.org/nov00/hotspot.html, geotimes, American Geological Institute, 2000.
39. Yanovskaya, T. B., Resolution estimation in the problems of seismic ray tomography, Izv. Phys. Solid Earth, (33), 762-765, 1997.
40. Yanovskaya, T. B., and P. G. Ditmar, Smoothness criteria in surface wave tomography, Geophysical Journal International, 102(1), 63-72, doihttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1990.tb00530.x, 1990.
41. Yanovskaya, T. B., E. S. Kizima, and L. M. Antonova, Structure of the crust in the Black Sea and adjoining regions from surface wave data, Journal of Seismology, (2), 303-316, 1998.
42. Zabelina, I., I. Koulakov, I. Amanatashvili, S. E. Khrepy, and N. Al-Arifi, Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath Caucasus based on regional earthquake tomography, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 119, 87-99, doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.01.010, 2016.
